Barber v Somerset City Council 2004 †Tort Essay

Barber v Somerset City Council 2004 – Tort Essay Free Online Research Papers Barber v Somerset City Council 2004 Tort Essay Question: In its decision in Barber v Somerset City Council [(2004) UKHL 13], the House of Lords failed to take adequate account of the realities of modern work and of the changes in the typical work place over the last 30 years. Discuss making reference to both majority and minority judgment. In Barber v. Somerset County Council , the general principle applied is that a reasonable and prudent employer should take positive thoughts for the safety of its workers in the light of what it knew or ought to have known. Some would think that this decision has set a very demanding standard of care for employers. This essay shall seek to examine the decision in light of the modern working conditions as it is said that the House of Lords failed to take adequate account of the realities of modern work and of the changes over the last 30 years. The decision of House of Lords to apply Stokes v Guest, Kean and Nettlefold Ltd which is a 30 years old case does not mean that they did not progress and disregard realities. By requiring a higher standard by the senior management team of Eastbridge Water Community School, it will give alert to other employers to be more aware of employee’s workload and their ability to cope with stress. It actually recognises that stress has been a major issue in working places these days. This will provide a better working condition for employees. In Walker v Northumberland County Council it was held that Where it was reasonably foreseeable to an employer that an employee might suffer a nervous breakdown because of the stress and pressures of his workload, the employer was under a duty of care, as part of the duty to provide a safe system of work, not to cause the employee psychiatric damage by reason of the volume or character of the work which the employee was required to perform. Applyi ng this to Barber v Somerset City Council, it is quite foreseeable that Mr. Barber will break down one day after his continuous sick leave indicating that he’s suffering from stress and depression. If an employer fails to take any action to help out an employee after receiving indication that he/she might be overworked, the employer cannot be categorised as a good employer. This attitude should not be encouraged. Barber gives the other employers a warning to make sure that they are well informed of their employee’s ability to cope with immense stress. The duty of care of an employer to an employee is such that the duty of care owed by an employer not to expose an employee to unnecessary risk of injury includes both physical and psychiatric damage. Therefore, as long as it can be established that Mr. Barber’s workload results in his mental injury, the employer i.e. City Council can be held liable for breaching this duty of care. It can be argued that the situation was simple and direct. It was obvious that the employer was in breach of duty of care thus liable in tort. The working situation was not efficiently planned resulting in certain employees enduring more pressure than others. It is crucial that this decision will provide an alert and a guideline to employers. As our society progress, work has become more competitive. With such high living cost, it is crucial for everyone to earn as much as possible. They tend to ignore their health especially mental health. Employers should be aware of such situation thus not exert ing more pressure on their workers. In Barber, the issue whether it is an employer’s duty to provide assistant to an overworked employee and how can the period of assistance provided be determined was discussed. However, the period was not determined, but according to the judge, assistant should be provided until the employee is fit to cope with his work again. This at least gives employers a possible choice when they face with such situation. Nonetheless, although it seems morally right to require employers to provide for employees, this might be too heavy a burden for employers. As the labour market becomes more competitive, it is more likely that individual workers would want to assume more responsibility. Some would argue that it is not fair for an employer to determine how much responsibilities can an employee hold. According to Lord Rodger of Earlsferry in Barber, in cases where an employee is liable to develop some illness if he carries out the job which he is employed to do, the employer owes him a duty of care to continue to employ him to perform that job. Devlin LJ in Withers v Perry Chain Co Ltd was quoted by Lord Rodger, ‘the employee is free to decide for herself what risks she will run. I agree with Sellers LJ that if the common law were to be otherwise it would be oppressive to the employee, by limiting his ability to find work, rather than beneficial to him.’ Therefore, in this modern world, e mployers should not be subject to any limitation as to what should they do to prevent their employers from suffering mental illness as a result of stress from work. The court should recognise that they do have their own responsibilities as well therefore should not force them to provide too much for the workers. Hale LJ was quoted by Lord Scott in paragraph 6 of his judgement in Barber: ‘unless he knows of some particular problem or vulnerability, an employer is usually entitiled to assume that his employee is up to the normal pressures of the job†¦. An employee who returns to work after a period of sickness without making further disclosure or explanation to his employer is usually implying that he believes himself fit to return to work which was doing before.’ It is of common sense that an employer will not know if he was not informed. Judging from the heavy workload of everyone including the employer himself, it would be very unfair to require him/her to still take positive action to examine into every suspicious situation. Moreover, in this case, Mr. Barber has problem communicating the problem he faced even to his general practitioner. The atmosphere in offices is no longer like the olden days where workers have time to take a rest for tea and have short chats now and then. It is usually so busy that they would not even talk to each other while they were in offices. The test set out by Hale LJ was accepted by the Lordships. In this test, it is said that the indications of impending harm to health arising from stress at work must be plain enough for any reasonable employer to realise and take action. Therefore it is unrealistic to set too high a standard of care for the employers. It should be noted that the Lordships basically agree with Hale LJ approach in assessing how liable the City Council are as the employer of Mr. Barber. However, it is the facts of the case assumed by the majority and minority which differs. The majority assumed that Mr. Barber’s meeting with all the 3 members of the senior management team(SMT) has been effective in giving them the message that he was under such immense pressure that he could not bear it anymore. The dissenting judgements felt that his action was not obvious enough. The real world is complicated. It can be said that the SMT has been really careless to not notice; but everyone in the school was under the same pressure. There is possibility that the House of Lord wanted Barber to serve as a reminder to all the other employers. It would be quite inaccurate to accuse them that they failed to take adequate account of the realities and to adapt to the change in working place. It is because they were aware that they s ought to provide more protection for the working class. While they appear to be quite conservative, it shows that they actually took into account the growing pressure suffered by the working class. Research Papers on Barber v Somerset City Council 2004 - Tort EssayMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesTwilight of the UAWHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationResearch Process Part OneArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Project Managment Office System

The Use of I in First Person Narration

The Use of I in First Person Narration The Use of â€Å"I† in First Person Narration The Use of â€Å"I† in First Person Narration By Maeve Maddox Graham Broadley wrote: If I am writing a short story in the first person are there any tips or tricks for avoiding the overuse of the word i? My usual writing style leans towards short sentences but this seems to increase the frequency of the word â€Å"I† popping up.   Are longer sentences a way round the problem? Also, Im trying to avoid sentences starting with â€Å"I†.   Do you have any advice, tips and tricks for writing in the first person? It is inevitable that writing in first person will require frequent use of I, me, and myespecially I. This should not present a problem. In a first person narration, the pronoun â€Å"I† is probably as invisible to the reader as the word â€Å"said.† Besides, the point of writing in first person is to establish an intimate bond with the reader. The reader becomes the â€Å"I† of the story. Listen to your own words and thoughts during the course of a day. The word â€Å"I† is probably the most frequent word that forms in your mind and comes from your mouth. Plenty of websites discuss the use of first person narration, but I think the best way to see what works and what doesn’t is to analyze a published work of fiction. You might want to analyze some of your favorite writers to see how they deal with the pronoun I. For example, in preparing this post I took a close look at the way Laurie R. King handles it. Laurie R. King is a prolific writer, averaging a book a year since the publication of her first novel in 1993. She has created not one, but two mystery series. One is set in contemporary California and features Inspector Kate Martinelli. The other is set in the era of Sherlock Holmes and features Mary Russell. King has also written several stand-alone novels. So far I’ve read only some of the Mary Russell books. I find them intelligent, entertaining, and unputdownable. I’ll analyze a few pages to see how King deals with the problems mentioned by our reader. In the first chapter of A Letter of Mary, about 2,000 words, the pronoun â€Å"I† appears 60 times. Note: All of these figures are approximate. Here’s the breakdown on how the pronoun I is distributed: Mary 39 Holmes 7 Dorothy Ruskin (in a letter) 14. The paragraph with the greatest number contains nine: †Megalomania, perhaps; senility, never.† I stood and watched a small fishing boat lying off shore, and I wondered what to do. The work was going slowly, and I could ill afford to take even half a day away from it. On the other hand, it would be a joy to spend some time with that peculiar old lady, whom I indeed remembered very well. Also, Holmes seemed interested. It would at least provide a distraction until I could decide what needed doing for him. â€Å"All right, we’ll have her here a day sooner, then, on the Wednesday. I’ll suggest the noon train. I’m certain Mrs Hudson can be persuaded to leave something for our tea, so we need not risk our visitor’s health. I also think I’ll go to Town tomorrow and drop by the British Museum for a while. Will you come?† Sentence length does not seem to have much to do with the frequency of I. King’s sentences tend to be long. Sentences that begin with the pronoun I don’t particularly jump out. In the analyzed passage, 14 of the narrator’s 39 subject pronouns begin sentences. Bottom line: Write your first person story without worrying about the pronouns. You can always see ways to reduce them in revision, if you think it’s necessary. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:16 Substitutes for â€Å"Because† or â€Å"Because Of†The Possessive ApostropheMay Have vs. Might Have

He Said, She Said Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

He Said, She Said - Essay Example some point, these destructive procedures of communication at times happen when two persons are in a discussion that is involving problems or personal troubles. Because of the tension that is usually built up due to the problem being talked about, the sense of right reasoning is usually lost because of the lack of understanding that exists due to the tension. To be able to understand everything, the twelve roadblocks should be discussed herein in a clearer pattern: This is the way by which a person intends to manipulate the thinking of the other person through questioning the attitudes of the other. Not only that, the situation usually aggravates the questioning of the attitude of the other towards the other person. Robert Bolton comments on the matter saying: â€Å"Many of us feel we need to be critical, or other people will never improve we make a negative evaluation of the other person, for his or her actions, or attitudes.† (1999) The attitude of man to even aggravate the situation being faced by the other because of some emotional attachment to the issue makes this particular roadblock an effective way of stopping or heating up a particular conversation. At some point, when people get pissed off because of a heated conversation, they tend to course the other or at times they name-call the others with insulting titles that makes it hard for the other party of communication to understand clearly what is happening. The result then leads to a more aggravated heated conversation. Bolton further adds, â€Å"Name calling and labeling usually have negative overtones to both the sender and receiver. Labeling prevents us from getting to know ourselves and other individuals.† (1999) At some point, when people argue over something, they become too much sensitive with how the other reacts upon a certain situation or how a person intends to talk back to them. The sensitiveness results to diagnosis of the reaction of the other and the way of speech that he or she uses

Assignment Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Assignment - Research Proposal Example Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries are the most rare injuries.(1- JM) Most suspected knee disorders become diagnosed first through conventional radiographs (X-rays). These radiographs are effective in demonstrating fractures because the show bones and joint spaces. Their sensitivity to soft tissue conditions remains low except in conditions where the tissues contain mush calcium or fat. X-rays are also relatively insensitive to destruction of medullary bone and loss of cartilage as well. The basic examination consists of lateral and ante posterior (AP) projections of the knee.(Carmen MartÄ ±Ã‚ ´n-Herva ´s) Radiographs and CTs remain effective modalities for post-operative imaging following ACL reconstruction. CTs, however, depict femoral tunnel in more accurate manner than radiographs. The radiation dosage however, is almost double that of the radiographs and this should be effective considered when utilizing CTs over radiographs ( Anagha et al). Plain radiographs provide limited assistance in dealing with sports related injuries. They can only be indicated in circumstances where there is significant impact injury. Positive findings are however, occasionally demonstrated in ACL disruptions, where there is depression of the lateral femoral notch, and segond fracture. Computed Tomography (CT) provides effective analysis for categorizing fracture of the tibia plateau. Ultrasound imaging is utilized minimally together with magnetic resonance imaging when analyzing many knee injuries. Ultrasound becomes reliable in assessment of quadriceps and patellar tendons, when symptoms of injury are located within the anterior joint, and are focal. Ultrasound easily identifies collateral ligaments. Injuries to these ligaments are however associated with derangement and MRI becomes essential in demonstrating the full spectrum of the injury (12- EUGENE G). MRI utilizes high soft tissue contrast and multiplanar capability in

McDonalds Essay Example for Free

McDonalds Essay Our assignment is to carry out investigations into two companies from two different sectors; these sectors are the private sector and the public/voluntary sector. The private sector are all about making profit rather than providing a service. The public/voluntary sector on the other hand want to concentrate on providing a good and efficient service for their customers such as the NHS, they provide a medical service for residents of this country, of course this isn’t to make a profit because their service is free, whereas companies in the private sector just want to make money to then develop further and release more products which they hope will make even more profit. The company from the private sector I have chosen is McDonalds. The company I have chosen from the public sector is Oxfam. About The Companies: McDonalds were founded in 1940 Richard and Maurice McDonald and Ray Kroc, they started off as one fast food branch on East street California, and over the last 70 years have rapidly become the most profitable and biggest fast food company in the world, competing against other fast food such as KFC, Burger King, Subway and Pizza Hut. No matter what these rivals threw at them they always have come right back with something new and better which is why McDonald’s have stayed at the top of the fast food chain. Oxfam are a non-profitable company, they are the UK’s largest charity which prides itself in helping 92 countries all over the world who are trying to fight extreme poverty including Ghana, Cambodia and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Oxfam rely on donations by the public which is why the advertising campaigns have become stronger and more persuasive as the demand for help and support in countries around the world has rocketed they have needed more and more donations to support families in serious poverty, people who don’t even have access to running clean water. Ansoff Matrix The Ansoff Matrix is a marketing technique that all companies in the private sector use, without using the structure of the Ansoff Matrix a company like McDonalds would not be able to survive or expand their brand to a different market. If a company uses its existing products to sell to its existing markets this is called Market Penetration. If a company takes its existing products to a brand new market, to a new country for example, this is called Market Development. If a company decides they are going to release new products to their existing market, like the Big Tasty at McDonalds, this is called Product Development. But if a company wants to try something completely different by taking new products to a new market this is called Diversification. Growth Strategies: Oxfam The image of a pie chart below shows how every  £1 donated to Oxfam goes to different parts of the charity, 7p of every  £1 is invested into the company to generate future revenue. 36p goes towards the emergency response system to give aid to countries that need the help immediately, such as the victims of the Pakistan earthquake in the summer of 2010. Oxfam provide water and sanitation facilities for 2,000 families living in the camp. 40p goes towards development work in LEDC countries and other worldwide projects in countries such as Tanzania where they have set up a local jewellery business and a primary school. 7p goes towards campaigning for change, another 7p goes towards fundraising costs and the final 10p goes towards the support and running costs for transport etc. Survival Strategies: Oxfam Because of the recent recession the rate of unemployment has rocketed in the UK, Oxfam offer a wide range of voluntary work that of course doesn’t offer pay for their labour but by doing voluntary work it counts as work experience and this looks great on a CV so people will want to apply so in the future they get a better chance in their future job interviews etc. Also the 7p of every  £1 donated to Oxfam is invested into the company to generate future revenue in the charity. Advertising: Oxfam The main advertising campaign used by Oxfam is putting on television adverts that are shown all over the country on channels such as ITV1, C4 and FIVE. These adverts normally show families in LEDC’s like Kenya for example, that are in extreme poverty with barely and food or clean water, so they are struggling to survive, they show this normally at a time when families in the UK are sitting at home eating their family meal, so when they see this family with no food whatsoever they begin to have sympathy for them, and seeing that for just  £3 a month they could sponsor this charity so the family they can see on their television could eat a satisfactory meal or at least food to survive. Relationship Marketing: Oxfam One way Oxfam have used relationship marketing is great customer service, all Oxfam employees and volunteers go through a various amount of training courses before they qualify to work at a branch or travel around the world to give aid to people in poverty. This is good because if someone walks into an Oxfam branch to maybe give some of their belongings to the shop so they can sell them or if they go and sign up to sponsor them they will be greeted with a smile and a happy tone, which makes the customer feel comfortable straight away, and of course if someone feels comfortable in a place where they are receiving a service they will want will to come back again to support this cause further because they trust them. Growth Strategies: McDonalds McDonalds use a wide range of growth strategies, one of these are Franchises. A Franchise is where a company (McDonalds) sell a branch of their business to someone and give them the right to sell their products, but of course because it is still a McDonald’s branch it will still draw in more customers as more McDonald’s Franchises pop up around the world, because eventually there will be more McDonald’s branches to the square mile than ever before, which will increase the popularity of McDonald’s compared to its rival fast food outlets. Another growth strategy is introducing new products such as the McFlurry, the McFlurry has been sold for 14 years at McDonalds, throughout the 14 years they continuously release new flavours of the product an example of this is the McFlurry Flake, which has been released this year. This is a growth strategy as the company improving its flavour range so demand for the product will rise and therefore McDonalds will earn more profit. Survival Strategies: McDonalds One survival strategy that McDonald’s currently use is the 99p Saver Menu. The 99p Saver Menu is a special offer that McDonald’s promote in majority of their advertising campaigns, it consists of a selection of products which they have reduced the price to 99p such as the cheeseburger, the mayo chicken and the classic McFlurry, the menu also have other desserts such as the Apple Pie and donuts. This is a survival strategy because they want to increase sales, the want the demand of products to go up so they will earn more profit and the customers believe they are getting a good deal so they will buy food from the 99p Saver Menu again. Another survival strategy is the way that throughout the course of the year they rotate their menus, such as the introduction of different twists on the classic McFlurry, such as the Flake McFlurry and the Chocolate Fudge Brownie McFlurry, by doing this they are bringing new products into the market which will grab the eye of customers, if they see that a new McFlurry has been released they will more than likely want to try it to see what it is like, and of course if they like it they will want to buy it again and want to try the next one that comes out when the menu rotates once more. Eventually by doing this there will be a higher demand for the McFlurry so there will be a rise in sales and their profits will also increase. Another survival strategy currently enforced at McDonald’s is the removal of less profitable products, like the Angus Burger for example, this was released in 2006, for a short while there was a high demand for this product because it was new and exciting, but after a couple of months, less people bought the Angus Burger, which meant the demand for this product decreased, and so did McDonald’s profits. McDonald’s realised they had made a mistake with the Angus Burger so they removed it off their menu’s and stopped selling the product to prevent further loss in sales and a bigger decrease in profit. Advertising: McDonalds Because McDonald’s is a worldwide company they have advertising campaigns set up all around the globe, all year round. The advertising technique that most people will be able to relate to is their memorable â€Å"M† logo and their catchy slogan â€Å"I’m lovin’ it† because this advertising technique is so simple this makes it exceptionally effective because people remember it, if they are driving along and see a sign with the â€Å"M† on it they will know that there is a McDonald’s nearby, and if they are abroad where there are many McDonald franchises more people will want to eat there because they know they can get good fast food from a place they are used to eating at back home. Another advertising technique McDonalds used this year in particular is that alongside Coca Cola they were the main sponsors for the London 2012 Olympic Games, they have been a proud supporter of the Olympic movement for nearly 40 years, and this year have called themselves the â€Å"Official Restaurant Of The Olympic Games†. McDonalds commitment to the Olympic Movement began in 1968 when the company airlifted hamburgers to U.S. athletes competing in Grenoble, France. They first became an Official Sponsor of the 1976 Olympic Games in Montreal, and in 1984, McDonalds and their franchisees provided the funds to build the Olympic Swimming Stadium in Los Angeles. In 1998 they became a worldwide sponsor at the Nagano Olympic Winter Games and continued that commitment through the London 2012 Olympic Games. Relationship Marketing: McDonald’s At McDonald’s there are many perks than can be experienced just by sitting in their restaurant, free Wi-Fi is one of these, and modern comfortable seating is another, if someone would like to sit back comfortably and continue their work into their lunch break while eating a nice Big Mac meal then they can, internet access is installed into most McDonald’s franchises. Another way McDonalds use relationship marketing is the Happy Meal, with statistics showing that the amount of children and teenagers becoming clinically obese there is no wonder why this option on the menu is so popular, it is basically a small kid’s size meal, it comes in a nice card box with puzzles and colouring sides on it which to a child is attractive enough, but all year round they also include a toy inside the happy meal box, usually related with what is big at that specific time, like a new children’s movie being released for example, the toys in a Happy Meal will more than likely be characters from that movie, this is a great use of relationship marketing. Comparison: Both Companies In this task I have had to explore into the marketing techniques of one company in the private sector and one company in the public/voluntary sector, to see how effective their growth strategies, survival strategies, their advertising techniques and the way they use relationship marketing in store and in other parts of the company. After looking at both of their growth strategies I have noticed no similarities with the way they use them with the points I have stated due to the fact that McDonald’s use the Ansoff Matrix a lot in their growth strategies and Oxfam do not, they prefer to promote the fact that 84% of your money goes directly to giving aid to poverty stricken countries, 9% goes towards support costs such as transport and the remaining 7% is invested into the company to generate future revenue. After looking at the other aspects of the company I have discovered that although Oxfam has a very strong marketing technique with highly trained employees with their great cu stomer service, and their flawless advertising campaign, nothing can compare to the strength of the McDonald’s empire’s marketing techniques.

Romeo And Juliet Quote Essay :: essays research papers

Act 2; Scene 2; Lines 36-39 and 41-52 36  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  O Romeo, Romeo wherefore art thou Romeo?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  37  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Deny thy father and refuse thy name, 38  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Or, if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love, 39  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  And I’ll no longer be a Capulet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   41  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ‘Tis but thy name that is my enemy. 42  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thou art thyself, thou not a Montague. 43  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What’s Montague? It is nor hand, nor foot, 44  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nor arm, nor face, [nor any other part] 45  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Belonging to a man. O, be some other name! 46  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What’s in a name? That which we call a rose 47 By any other word would smell as sweet. 48 So Romeo would, were he not Romeo called, 49 Retain that dear perfection which he owes 50 Without that title. Romeo, doff thy name, 51 And, for thy name, which is no part of thee, 52 Take all myself. Lines 36-39 and 41-52 of Act 2; Scene 2, are significant to me because they have distinct levels of understanding and meaning to the play. Line 41 goes back to the original conflict that Romeo and Juliet are from feuding houses, the Capulets and the Montagues. It shows that Juliet does not want her family to fight the Montagues, and that she believes it is ridiculous because it is not the people they hate and fight it is their name, Montague. The section I chose reveals that the kids, Romeo and Juliet, feel that they can not have what they want because of the parents’ feuds. It makes you feel as helpless as they are, because you know that with their parents’ permission to get married, they would be happy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William Shakespeare uses an analogy in the line “It is nor hand, nor foot, nor arm, nor face, [nor any other part] belonging to a man.'; to say that Montague is not any part belonging to a man, and that it is just a name. In the line “That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet'; there is a metaphor for explaining why the name is not important, that it is the person or thing that is what counts. These are both examples of imaging used in the lines I chose.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This excerpt affects Juliet because she is finally admitting that her parents are not always right, mostly about the feuding, but also about selecting her a husband. She is showing an indication of rebellion in the line “Deny thy father and refuse thy name'; by saying “deny thy father';.

Globalization and State Power Essay

As a relatively new concept in the context of social sciences, globalization is the considerably the universal tool that embodies sets of processes that connect societies thus fragmenting and transcending the social structure it confronts (Krieger, 2005). The state then serves as an indispensable institution under practically all projected contingencies, but does countenance new and influential challenges to its foundational mandates mandates. The multifarious debates on globalization has increasingly centered on the relation of the nation-state to economic schemas. Although such connotation is gradually misbranded in rationale, either the nation-state or the inter-state classification is seen retaining its primacy as the axis of international relations and world development. The coining of â€Å"strong state,† is it perceived that the state, having been considered as the bridge of globalization in a dualist construct that posits separate logics for an expanding economy and political system (Williams, 2002). In the international community, it can be observed that the states, leaders, or other individuals who have the power in the international community has a large influence, either deliberate or unintentional, over the decision of other states, leaders or other individuals. The affairs of every single nation can be noted as unique in many ways (Patterson, 2000). Direct intervention from external elements such as the other states may very well diminish the sovereignty of a nation over its own territory. This is to say that every nation has a primordial reign over its own domain which guarantees—or ought to guarantee—the idea that the state is supreme in terms of power in its own land (Kacowicz, 1993). But what happens to this power in the context of a large international community with varying degrees of capabilities, resources and, ultimately, political power? Analysis on the social-spatial distinction and power of globalization The socio-spatial distinction and power of globalization, which at hand is then inherited to the state, is apparently what makes globalization not only a tool for reaching almost all the corners of the globe, but including the long-term series effects which shall surface. Consequently, how the state responds when globalization is escalating will have a noteworthy impact on its capability to retort when globalization falters. Since the state possess both governmental and corporate power, scholars point out the fact that corporate capitalism is the blood that keeps holds all nations and binds them up together despite the issue of diversity. Thus, it is through the philosophy of social justice that these factors are evaluated. Synthesis on the role of a state in the context of globalization The sources of power in international relations can then be presumed to result primarily from the resources of the state or leader. These resources need not essentially correspond to financial resources for there are many other resources that can empower a state or a leader in international affairs. One of these resources is manpower which China and India can be noted as wealthy of. How does manpower become a source of power in international relations? The answer can be traced from the presumption that more people means more hands capable of contributing to the workforce. Although the industrial revolution and information and communications technology have radically altered the demand for manpower, it can be observed that the expansion of industries and technology further required additional manpower. With states such as China and India a cut above the rest in terms of manpower, the amount of industrial production from within the state relatively becomes higher than those states with very minimal workforce. And while a healthy local industry boosts a state’s economy, sending manpower to foreign countries further amplifies the possibility of expanding the gross income of the nation (Krieger, 2005). For the most part, a financially wealthy nation has more purchasing power in many ways which gives it the capacity to take control over resources and manipulate them according to the interest of the state (Williams, 2002). The geography of a certain state also gives it power, specifically strategic power, in wielding a dominant force not only in terms of military affairs but also in terms of commerce and trade or economic progress. For the most part, a state which is situated within the perimeter of an adjacent state is expected to have a form of trade relations (Krieger, 2005). Communication also becomes inevitable between these adjacent states since borders separating them become diminished through wireless communication. For instance, a nation such as Italy surrounded by neighboring states is very much alive in terms of trade and commerce, giving it the economic power in contrast to ‘isolated’ states (Williams, 2002). Conclusions and further remarks To presume that the definition of power is a not static concept is to presume that the essence of power changes such that at one point it may refer to competence to manage and manipulate resources in harmony to the interest of the state or of leaders. On another point, it may not refer to the opposite such as the competence of the lower class or of the members of the state to yield and manipulate resources. Yet this presumption is misleading for the reason that the parallels of both instances are masked by the idea that leaders does not include the larger members of the state or that the members of the state do not include the leaders of the state. Clearly, how the state responds to globalization depicts its power and capabilities. References Kacowicz, A. M. (1993).Teaching International Relations in a Changing World: Four Approaches. Political Science and Politics, 26(1), 76-80. Krieger, J. (2005) Globalization and State Power: A Reader. New Jersey: Longman. Patterson, A. S. (2000). It’s a Small World: Incorporating Service Learning into International Relations Courses. Political Science and Politics, 33(4), 817-822. Williams, J. (2002). Kill ’em All’: The American Military in Korea. Retrieved January 21, 2008, from http://www. bbc. co. uk/history/worldwars/coldwar/korea_usa_01. shtml

Prejudice in Mr Sumarsono Written by Roxana Robinson Essay

Stereotype is a largely false belief, or set of belief, concerning the characteristics of the members of a racial or ethnic group (McLemore, 1983). Stereotype may be positive or negative in mind which is based on limited and minimal knowledge about a group of people. Incomplete information, mistaken perceptions, isolation and segregation have resulted many stereotypes. Viewing of a person with oddity based on the stereotype will limit what we expected and how we respond to them. Prejudice is an unfavorable attitude towards people because they are members of a particular racial or ethnic group. Discrimination is unfavorable action towards people because they are members of a particular racial or ethnic group. (McLemore, 1983). These both are negative manifestations of integrative power. A prejudiced person may not act on their attitude. Therefore, someone can be prejudice towards a certain group but not discriminate against them. Also, prejudice includes all three components of an attitude (affective, behavioral and affective), whereas discrimination just involves behavior and involves some actions. Prejudice and stereotyping parallels attitudes and opinions or beliefs (Stroebe & Insko, 1989) Prejudice also sustains stereotype, while stereotype is a generalization or interpretation toward a person or group of some physical, behavior, belief or other factors. For a 10-year-old girl, she must have got a first bad impression to a stranger, especially a foreigner. She spontaneously thought that someone newbie in another country is a kind of alien with different skin, face structure or another physical body. In that point, this attitude includes a racial stereotype which provokes a prejudice side. Roxana Robinson is a biographer and scholar of nineteenth and early twentieth century American art. She graduated from Buckingham Friends School, in Lahaska, and from The Shipley School, in Bryn Mawr. She attended Bennington College and studied with Bernard Malamud and Howard Nemerov. She received a B.A. degree in English Literature from the University of Michigan. Roxana Robinson is the author of the four novels Cost, (2008) Sweetwater, (2003) This Is My Daughter, (1998) and Summer Light (1988); the three short story collections A Perfect Stranger, (2005) Asking for Love, (1996) A Glimpse of Scarlet, (1991) and the biography Georgia O’Keeffe: A Life, (1989). Mr. Sumarsono is listed as one of the best American Short Stories at 1994. Statement of Problems: 1. Why do Susan and her sister give bad impression toward Mr. Sumarsono? 2. Why did Mrs. Riordan welcome Mr. Sumarsono warmly? 3. What is the cultural aspect of this short story? What is the connection with it? Discussion Mr. Sumarsono is a worker in UN which involved many Western people in it for a long time. Because of the environment, he tried to adapt the style like an American. According to the story, both daughters of Mrs. Riordan, Susan and Kate, with Mrs. Riordan herself fetched Mr. Sumarsono in a Trenton Station in New Jersey and they saw him for the first time with bad impression and underestimate toward Mr. Sumarsono. However, at that time, he was clothed as an American businessman. â€Å"Mr. Sumarsono was wearing an neat suit and leather shoes, like an American businessman, but he didn’t look like an American. The suit was brown, not gray, and it had a slight sheen. And Mr. Sumarsono was built in a different way from Americans: he was slight and graceful, with narrow shoulders and an absence of strut.† (Page 265 line 1) â€Å"Kate and I stood next to my mother as she waved and smiled. Kate and I did not wave and smile†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Page 265 line 11) In this case, it proved that both sisters didn’t like and give bad thought for Mr. Sumarsono because they didn’t know who actually Mr. Sumarsono was, since Mr. Sumarsono had an Asian figure with pale brown skin. Besides, there were few Indonesian that came to America, or else almost never. Mr. Sumarsono was the only Indonesian who arrived in New Jersey. â€Å"It was 1959, and Mr. Sumarsono was the only Indonesian who got off the train in Trenton, New Jersey.† (Page 264 line 25) Next on, the displeasure of the sisters continued until they were in way home. They were acting like they didn’t need a middle-aged Indonesian in where were they belong to. Moreover, they avoided the lunch time which their mother prepared for them and Mr. Sumarsono. And also, they showed an impolite attitude toward Mr. Sumarsono in the table. â€Å"We were going to watch the mallard nesting, and I hope we didn’t have to include a middle-aged Indonesian in leather shoes†(Page 267 line 1) â€Å"Dev-il,† Kate said, Speaking very loudly and slowly. She pointed at the eggs and then put two forked finger behind her head like horns, Mr. Sumarsono looked at her horns. (Page 269 lines 25) Another evidence occurred at the dinner time when Susan saw her mother wearing a pink dress. She thought her mother’s dress was overlooked just for dinner with a stranger who can not understand their language. â€Å"I was irritated to see that she had put it on as thought she were at a party. This was not a party: she had merely gotten hold of a captive guest, a complete stranger who understood nothing she said.† (Page 270, line 12) Although they kept underestimate him, they were quite surprised that Mr. Sumarsono wasn’t someone like usual Asian guy they were thinking about. He was different in presence. Not only the appearance of him but also his gesture was shown when they were already at home. Somehow, The stop! gesture was making the sisters wondering what makes that Indonesian was different. This gesture is shown by Mr. Sumarsono when he tried to prevent his suitcase as Susan offered to pick up upstairs. â€Å"What struck me was the grace of his gesture. His hand extended easily out cuff and expose a narrow brown wrist, as narrow as my own. When he put his hand up in the Stop! gesture, his hand curved backward from the wrist, and his fingers bent backward from the palm. Instead of the stern and flat-handed Stop! that an American hand would make, this was a polite, subtie, and yielding signal, quite beautiful and infinitely sophisticated, a gesture that suggested a thousand reasons for doing something, a thousand ways to go about it.†(Page 267 line 13) On the other hand, Mrs. Riordan was greeting him cheerfully. She showed an excessive behavior since Mr. Sumarsono decided to spend his weekend in New Jersey. Furthermore, he stayed in Riodan’s as well. Mrs. Riordan tried to catch attention from Mr. Sumarsono. Apart from being dressed in pink, she treated him as best as she can. â€Å"Oh, I’m glad we’re having rice!† she said suddenly, pleased. â€Å"That must make Mr. Sumarsono feel at home.† She looked at me. (Page 273 line 7) She also thought that Mr. Sumarsono was far from his family and being lonely, Mrs. Riordan conclude that he was missing them and she tried to give something that Mr. Sumarsono would feel like he came back to the warm atmosphere when a family was gathered supposed to be. It is shown when Mrs. Riordan asked Mr. Sumarsono to show his wife and children photograph. She saw a strange condition on Mr. Sumarsono with complicated and unfinished look when she asked and he even wanted to take a picture with them. â€Å"The poor man, he must miss his wife and children. Don’t u feel sorry for him, thousands of miles away from his family? Oh, thousands. He’s here for six months, all alone. They told me that at the UN. It’s all very uncertain. He doesn’t know when he gets leaves, how long after that he’ll be here. Think of how his poor wife feels.† (Page 272 line 24) As from the both sisters misjudged all about Mr. Sumarsono and what they have done, they thought that they would feel ashamed, instead of underestimating him. Their prejudice has made them blind to not know who actually Mr. Sumarsono was. Beside it was from their mother, they also felt embarrassed him because they can not be an appropriate hostess to him while Mr. Sumarsono showed his unruffled courtesy. Although Mr. Sumarsono couldn’t speak English well and only responded all Mrs. Riordan and her daughters with simple nodded and smile, at least he knew what attitude he supposed to do when he was visiting people’s house in other country. â€Å"I was embarrassed not only for my mother but also for poor Mr. Sumarsono. Whatever he had expected from a country weekend in America, It could not have been a cramped attic room, two sullen girls, voluble and incomprehensible hostess. I felt we had failed him, we had betrayed his unruffled courtesy, with our bewildering commands, our waving forks, our irresponsible talk about lizard. I wanted to save him. I wanted to liberate poor Mr. Sumarsono from this aerial grid of misunderstandings.† (Page 274 line 24) This story is pertaining aspect of prejudice side. Therefore, prejudice has both cognitive and affective components. Affective component is the positive or negative attitude or feeling while cognitive component contains stereotypes. Stereotypes are beliefs about people based on their membership in a particular group. Stereotypes can be positive, negative, or neutral. Stereotypes based on gender, ethnicity, or occupation are common in many societies. Stereotypes often results from, and leads to, prejudice and bigotry. The reasons appearing of stereotype is variable, It occurs When people encounter instances that disconfirm their stereotypes of a particular group, they tend to assume that those instances are atypical subtypes of the group. Second, People’s perceptions are influenced by their expectations. And last, People selectively recall instances that confirm their stereotypes and forget about disconfirming instances. As a branch from stereotype, prejudice is a destructive p henomenon, and it is pervasive because it serves many psychological, social, and economic functions. It allows people to bond with their own group by contrasting their own groups to outsider groups. Conclusion This short story which Roxana wrote showed about an experience of Indonesian immigrant who visited and spent the weekend at one of New Jersey’s families, Riordan’s house. Based on discussion above, it is described that the two daughters, Susan and Kate had first bad impression toward Mr. Sumarsono as a strange foreigner. This signs that their attitude showed the prejudice aspect of the racial differences.

buy custom Education by Paulo Freire essay

buy custom Education by Paulo Freire essay Most education systems set the learner as an empty tank to be filled by the teacher. Paulo Freire, a Brazilian educationalist, drew on this system of education and thought about progressive educational practices and liberation. In 1994, Gibson Richard of Pennsylvania State University conducted research into Freires liberation theory in education settings. Gibson found out that social justice could only be imposed through liberation, critical consciousness, reading the world and the word and finally comprehension of surroundings. Gibson states that literacy is the key to overcome irrationality and subordinate groups are bound to engage in political activities, and the result will be changes in governance structures. Servaes Jan conducted an undated research on participatory communication from a Freirean approach. Jan discovered that authentic participation helps in addressing issues that relate to democracy. This method involves dialogue, access to ideas, and self-management. In a dem ocratic process, the key aspects of democratic communication should be embraced. In this research, access refers to the use of mainstream media to serve the public while participation involves self-management in public participation. The outcome of participatory communication is empowerment of every citizen in the community and the fruits are the formation of an egalitarian society. According to Freires Pedagogy, the role of the learner and the teacher are usually alternated and a common ground of searching for the truth is established (Freire Macedo, 1987). In 1997, Bandura studied on learning models in the conventional classroom. He posited that students attribute their failures or successes to self-efficacy (Kember, 2002).). This approach is essential in promoting learning in a social setting, leads to social transformation and leads to conscientization among students. In the fall of 2002, Chuk Keung Wong and Jane Siu-Ching Wong conducted a research on forty three students at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University (Kember, 2002). The method used was based on Freires theory of interactive learning and the utilization of students experiences as fundamental themes in the learning system. The findings showed that self-determined subgroup projects proved to be very successful in forming an atmosphere where students are motivated within their interests. The students need to deliberate the aim of their projects aided them to develop consciousness about their computer structures that went past the learning skills. The Identified Gaps Nationalists like Mandela gained global authority with the exception that very few persons had seen his works. A difficult link has to be made while constructing a model of literacy, human consciousness, and liberation. A critical observation of Servaes ressearch is that there is no collective path to progress. Every community has different plans, culture, and resources in regards to its own situation. One major failure in Banduras study is that, there are several validated ways of learning apart from the conventional way. In addition to that, there are several kinds of intelligence. Wong and Chuks research had one major shortcoming in terms of uniform resource allocation. In a learning situation, there are students endowed with resources and those that lack resources. Other students prefer to be directed by the instructor in every step. Other students may not be satisfied with the approach because of its lack of structure. Areas Recommended for Further Research Studies should be conducted on the attributions and believes of students in learning. Research should be done to track the differences in learning methods across various classes. This research should use both natural and quantitative methods and may establish dissimilarities in learning across racial subgroups and gender. Selfish groups can enhance their own interests through participatory communication. Although Freire posited that participatory communication can enhance empowerment, activists may use that platform to increase levels of dependency among individuals. Researchers should look into ways that participatory research can lead to dependency rather than empowerment and vice versa. Buy custom Education by Paulo Freire essay

Presidents Without a College Degree

Presidents Without a College Degree There are very few presidents without college degrees in American history. Thats not to say there havent been any, or that its impossible to work in politics without a college degree. Legally, you can be elected president of the United States  even if you didnt go to college.  The U.S. Constitution  does not set forth any education requirements for presidents.   But its a  pretty extraordinary achievement for a president without a college degree to be elected today. Every chief executive elected to  the White House in modern history  has held at least a bachelors degree. Most have earned advanced degrees or law degrees from Ivy League schools. In fact, every president since George H.W. Bush has held a degree from an Ivy League university.   Bush was a graduate of Yale University. So was his son, George W. Bush, the 43rd president, and Bill Clinton. Barack Obama got his law degree from Harvard University. Donald Trump, the billionaire real-estate developer and businessman elected president in 2016, graduated from the University of Pennsylvania, another Ivy League school. The trend is clear: not only do modern presidents have college degrees, but theyve also earned degrees from the most elite universities in the United States. But it wasnt always common for presidents to have earned degrees or even attended college. In fact, educational attainment wasnt a prime consideration among voters. Education of Early Presidents Fewer than half of the nations first 24 presidents held college degrees. Thats because they just didnt need to. For much of the nation’s history a college education was a prerequisite for the rich, well-connected or both; of the first 24 men who became president, 11 had not graduated from college at all (though three of those had attended some college without earning a degree), wrote  Drew DeSilver, a senior writer at the Pew Research Center. The most recent president without a college degree was Harry S. Truman, who served until 1953. The 33rd president of the United States, Truman attended business college and law school but graduated from neither. List of Presidents Without College Degrees George Washington: The nations first president never took college courses but did earn a  surveyors certificate.James Monroe: The nations fifth president attended William Mary College but didnt graduate.Andrew Jackson: The seventh president did not attend college.Martin Van Buren: The nations eighth president did not attend college.William Henry Harrison: The ninth president of the United States  attended both  Hampden-Sydney College and the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; he didnt graduate from either.Zachary Taylor: The nations 12th president did not attend college.Millard Fillmore: The 13th president did not attend college.Abraham Lincoln: The 16th president did not attend college.Andrew Johnson: The 17th president did not attend college.Grover Cleveland: The 22nd president did not attend college.William McKinley: The 25th president took courses at both Allegheny College and Albany Law School but did not graduate from either.Harry S. Truman: The 33rd presiden t took courses at Spaldings Commercial College  and the University of Kansas City School of Law but didnt earn degrees from either. Why Presidents Need College Degrees Now Even though nearly a dozen U.S. presidents - including some very successful ones - never earned degrees, every White House occupant since Truman has earned at least a bachelors degree. Would the likes of Lincoln and Washington be elected today without degrees? Probably not, wrote  Caitlin Anderson on CollegePlus, an organization that works with students to earn degrees.  Our information saturated society believes education must take place in the traditional classroom setting. Having a college degree makes candidates attractive. It makes anyone attractive. It’s essential.

China is more important to the USA's national interest than Taiwan Research Paper

China is more important to the USA's national interest than Taiwan - Research Paper Example It was able to make Wake Island to be its territory in 1900 and soon started to build the Panama Canal. All these were aided by Taiwan and the navy of the US continued to expand to a state whereby by the end of the Second World War, no nation would compare or compete with the navy. Taiwan has also aided in the building of the economic relations in the United States. Despite this however, China is considered to be more important than Taiwan and has been regarded to as an obstacle to building of the relationship between China and the United States (Copper, 2011). The first reason that supports the argument of China being more important to interest of the United States than Taiwan emanates from the fact that China has maintained a steady increase in the political as well as the economic growth. This has increased the political and economic influence that it has on the other nations. China has been rated as being the third largest exporting and importing country in the global market at the beginning of twenty first century and the fourth largest in the economic rating. It therefore comes after United States, Japan and Germany. It is also among the top three states that are highly involved in foreign direct investment in the global market. It has also acquired more benefits from globalization than any other country in the world and this is evidenced by the share of the market it has in the global market. Its annual growth for exports averaged 4.5 percent while the country that followed attained only 1.8 percent and this was the United States. T he Gross Domestic Product of China has also been observed to grow at a higher rate compared to the other developing countries. China has focused on ways of improving its performance in the global market and in this respect has considered the importance of liberalization and has encouraged economic integration by focusing on the involving the private and public investments. It has improved its