Linda Burnell Essays

Linda Burnell Essays Linda Burnell Essay Linda Burnell Essay Article Topic: A Dolls House In this section, we see Mansfields repeating topic of the evident purposelessness of womens survives the depiction of Linda Burnell, the mother of the family, appeared to us by the broad utilization of her continuous flow. Mansfield additionally utilizes this section to give Lindas relationship the male sex and, all the more explicitly, with her significant other, Stanley. Linda is in the nursery and dreams the morning endlessly through this, Mansfield presents to us her evident aimlessness and lack of engagement in the exercises introduced to her by life. The scene and spot is set first by a huge lump of portrayal of the nursery where Linda is lying in her liner seat. Mansfield utilizes analogies, for example, Each [] petal shone as though each was the cautious work of a caring hand to add enthusiasm to the portrayal and make relationships between's the possibility of magnificence and work; that things can be excellent and require some investment yet that eventually, nothing will keep going forever or hold any genuine load by the day's end. This leads us to the interior clash of Linda as she grapples with how small importance her life has; she addresses Why, at that point, blossom by any means? Blossoming being the sexual multiplication of plants, we see the equals between Lindas undesirable kids and these squandered blossoms. This presents Mansfields trademark target correlative as she actuates the peruser to scrutinize the misuse of exertion for something dazzling however impermanent. Savoring a few minutes alone, Linda walks around the nursery and seems to invest significant time from the duties life has introduced to her. We see again the utilization of imagery as Mansfield looks at her youngsters and the blossoms in the nursery; Linda upbraids having no an ideal opportunity to appreciate the blossoms as along came Life and one was cleared away. This could be an immediate gesture towards Linda being rushed with her kids and in this way having no an ideal opportunity to part the petals, to find the under-side of the leaf. In any case, with her young ladies mature enough to care for themselves, she seems to have more opportunity to herself and to appreciate these straightforward joys, at any rate in the blossoms. It later becomes obvious this could likewise mean her most youthful kid. We see this thought specifically with the envisioned discussion with her child. Regardless of having persuaded herself regarding her lack of care towards her youngsters, Linda ends u p shocked by the happiness of the child and appears near the very edge of recovering those lost maternal inclinations. She begins saying that she doesnt like children yet gradually winds up feeling something so new, so However, as the kid loses enthusiasm for his mom, we are left with the feeling that it is past the point of no return for Linda to figure out how to adore him. It is conceivable that Mansfield proposed the something pink, something delicate waving before him to be an analogy for Lindas faltering warmth; this would legitimately give us how little dependability it held and how it would not really last or be caught by the kid. Lindas life is genuinely cliché of ladies at that point and not at all like numerous different characters introduced by Mansfield in such stories as Frau Brechenmacher Attends a Wedding and even The Woman at the Store where the female heroes again approach this perpetual What for? Apparently surrendered to her life, Linda loses enthusiasm for her family and looks for time alone away from her kids. Youngster bearing has left her an unfilled shell; Mansfield utilizes the accompanying metaphor to clarify it: it was just as a cool breath had cooled her totally on every one of those dreadful excursions. Linda has been utilized as a rearing apparatus and rejects that it was the regular parcel of ladies to manage kids. She has become a virus character because of her kids and gets herself unequipped for adoring them. She deals with this somewhat savagely, saying that regardless of whether she had the quality, she could never have breast fed or played with the young ladies. Nonetheless, thro ugh this and the discourse with her dad, we see that what she sees as her aloofness towards her youngsters may in reality simply be her lack of interest towards her whole sex. After a youth where Linda and her dad are two young men together, she ends up push into the duties of a lady at that point. Obviously, she despises this and maybe observes her little girls lives as being similarly as useless as her own. Her child, notwithstanding, presents a totally different domain of potential outcomes. This section gives her relationship with Stanley new profundity and measurement we see that she adores him for his effortlessness. This is fascinating, as straightforwardness is ordinarily suspected of similar to a silly trademark, and she has such trouble in making the most of her posterity. All things considered, this effortlessness constrains her to mother him; her entire life was spent in saving him, and reestablishing him, and quieting him down, and tuning in to his story. This could help disclose to us that she feels that her mothering is totally spent and that there is not any more maternal warmth left for her youngsters. The dynamic of their relationship additionally seems to have changed as she sees her Stanley so sometimes. With the obligation of being a family man, Stanley has changed from having appealing infantile characteristics, for example, bashfulness, affectability and guiltlessness to being a less alluring, however in any case adolescent, trouble requiring a lot of care. Putting her youngsters and her significant other in front of herself, Linda forgets about what her identity is and feels sold out by the world when seeing her general parcel. All through the section, Linda is painted as being seized and shaken and by and large bothered. Childbearing having left her cool, she resists nature by apparently having no protective sentiments at all. Life has torn her of her soul and she requests whether it [would] consistently be so and was there no way out? In spite of this cool persona, Mansfield gives us that Linda was at one time a carefree character, in any event as a youngster. She and her dad were quick to cut off some place, to get away. Two young men together. This gives us that, from the earliest starting point, Linda wanted to play with dolls or keep a play-house and, had she not been compelled by the limits of society at that point, would have had experiences far higher on her rundown of needs than conjugal and maternal day laborer. Basically, this section assists with clarifying the social legislative issues of the time and the job of ladies, something which disturbed and captivated Mansfield. As one of the focal characters, Linda helps shape the story and people around her. It additionally addresses the feeling of obligation which this character has and her inner battle with her lack of interest towards it.

The Historical Evolution of the European Union from Its Earliest Research Paper

The Historical Evolution of the European Union from Its Earliest Post-War Beginnings under the Schuman Plan and the European Coal and Steel Community - Research Paper Example Presentation European incorporation was started in 1950 through the Schumann Plan, which set up The European Coal and Steel Community (EASC). The point was to go up against fears that the strength of Germany’s coal and steel ventures could be inconvenient to European post war remaking endeavors or be bridled to construct a war machine (Lipgens and Loth, 1988). At an individual level, the plan’s boss engineer, jean Monnet, trusted that the venture would support French reproduction plans and limit by Europeanizing the specialized arranging process. Most advocates of the venture sought that ECSC would clear route after incorporation past coal and steel, and instigate a progressively significant relationship (Sloan, 2005). The Robert Schuman Speech Robert Schuman, the French outside clergyman following up on exhortation from his guide jean Monnet, gave an authentic discourse on ninth may 1950. The discourse tended to appropriate issues influencing Europe, for example, the s imply finished World War Two, financial circumstance in European expresses, the unfurling cold war between Soviet Union and the US, the plague upset that encouraged the socialist takeover in Czechoslovakia, the Berlin bar, the primary soviet nuclear bomb, and powers in the USA pushing for a German rearmament (Lipgens and Loth, 1988). ... A high position, later named as European Coal and Steel Community, was to disregard the Franco-German coal and steel industry. The apparent combination of financial interests would increase expectations of living and rouse the development of an European people group. Choices of the proposed High Authority were to be authoritative on part states while the high authority was to be free and have equivalent portrayal. The establishing accomplices needed to imagine an extraordinary law and maintain a strategic distance from the rule of unanimity. Subsequently, the law planned was neither national nor global, however transnational or supranational accordingly; the EU law was disregarding some national laws and required a high social ability to rehearse (Gerber, 1998). At first, the EASC had six establishing individuals who comprised of Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Netherlands, and Luxembourg. The 1957 Treaty of Rome made the European Common Community (ECC) or Common Market. The establi shing countries of the European Union yielded a portion of their power for financial coordination, supranational administration, and aggregate harmony. The intention was to transcend nationalistic valor that had ruled the early many years of the twentieth century, hastening two universal wars, death toll, and monetary pulverization (Sloan, 2005). European political pioneers needed to end universal difficulty, advance financial prosperity, encourage social amicability, and assemble a superior world liberated from contentions and contempt. Subsequently, the underlying elements of the EU were to encourage harmony and thriving (Sloan, 2005). There were two ideological ways to deal with European incorporation; the federalist approach pushed for neighborhood, national and territorial specialists to collaborate and supplement one another while the functionalist

New Student Photo Entry #22 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New Student Photo Entry #22 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The first three photos today come from Beatriz Guillen, an incoming MIA student. I have been living in Caracas for almost three years. Venezuela is an amazing country, full of contrasts that I would like to show you through some of the pictures I have taken.   The first one is from Salto Angel in Canaima, the highest water fall in the world. The second one is a “parking boat” in a small beach town, called Choroní. The third one is swimming in the paradisiacal Isla Tortuga. __________________________________ The next two photos come from Sofia Fernandez del Castillo, an incoming MPA student. These pictures were taken during a pilot program done in a community in the metropolitan area of Mexico City that consisted in the recuperation of social ties through the implementation of workshops, color in the facades and neighborhood upgrading. The evidence demonstrates that color has a positive direct impact in people ´s lives. I believe these pictures reflect the motivation of the community -specially children- to rescue public spaces and are evidence of the sprawling of cities and irregular settlements in Mexico. ____________________________________ The last two photos come from incoming MIA student Sarah Bilson. Location: A village outside of Vélingara, Senegal (July, 2007) Description: Young girls dance in a celebration commemorating the villages abandonment of female genital mutilation. Location: Aley, Lebanon Description: This picture captures a night view of Beirut from the mountain town of Aley in Lebanon. Sitting in the quite, serene village we could see Beirut rocking below us.

Analysis Of Jhumpa Lahiri s The Namesake, Ashoke And...

Embracing Culture Immigrants to America face a major challenge when they first arrive. These immigrants from all different backgrounds and cultures feel like outsiders in America because the culture they have been immersed in their entire lives is no longer present in America. In Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Namesake, Ashoke and Ashima Ganguli come to the United States after they have lived in India for nearly thirty years. Ashoke and Ashima are only familiar with the Bengali customs and traditions; they have no sense of the American culture. In America, they have a son Gogol. Ashima and Ashoke surround Gogol in Bengali culture in any way they can in America. Even Gogol grows up in a Bengali household, Gogol identifies more with the American culture throughout his entire adolescence and into his adult life. As Gogol grows older, he tries to avoid his parents at all costs. The direct clash of Gogol’s American culture and his parents’ Bengali culture is what caused the sepa ration between Gogol and his parents. On the Ganguli’s trip to Calcutta, Gogol sees the Bengali culture first hand. Before the family even leaves for India, Gogol, â€Å"... dreads the thought of eight months without a room of his own, without his records and his stereo, without friends.†(79) Records and a stereo are objects that are common in the American culture. Gogol thinking naming these objects shows that he has adopted the American culture. Instead of expressing excitement, he hates the idea of having to leaveShow MoreRelatedThe Struggle to be Bengali and American in Jhumpa Lahiris The Namesake3046 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿Outline I. The Namesake critical essay A. Introduction 1. Emphasis on how formation of identity is germane to Ganguli family due to their Bengali culture and their American surroundings. 2. Thesis a. The cultural values of the past cannot be erased, and needs to be rectified with the present in order to forge a salutary identity for the future. B. Supporting Paragraph: Ashimas journey 1. Her resistance to American culture while pregnant eventually leads to a resistance of Bengali culture

Oil In America Essay - 1346 Words

Oil in America nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;America has many problems with its environment. The facts are clear that most corporations wont take the blame for them. These companies try to find ways out by stating that they are not the ones responsible for these problems. They try to protect themselves from the mistakes they made in the oil industry and the country. The facts are clear that there have been disasters in the oil field industry in the past ten years and they stand out in history. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The article quot;Myths We Wouldnt Missquot;, by the Mobil Corporation, states that there hasnt been a major off shore oil disaster in past years. That†¦show more content†¦The sea lion and seal population decreased by 881 new sea lion pups.(Easton,256) The bird species in the area suffered the most. 3,686 birds were found dead. The diving birds had the hardest time. Going to the water was a hazard and they starved or was covered in the oiled water. This problem will always be in the minds of the oil companies and those who worked for them. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Another development which hurts the Mobil Companies statement is the Argo Merchant spill in March of 1977. This accident took place on Nantucket Island, Mass. The tanker went aground on a fishing rip and submerged part of the rig.(Grose.iii) According to Grose quot;the tanker tried to correct itself but it cracked in half and spilled 7,700,000 gallons into the water. This spill is the largest spill in the history of the United States.quot;(Grose,vii) This set off scientific activity which went on for a full year. There were some redeeming factors about this spill. The wind prevented the oil from surfacing on the beaches. The oil that was being transported was low density and did not contaminate the bottom of the ocean.(Grose,356) As well as the spill happened in the winter and the ecological damage was not as big as Santa Barbara or many others. This spill did however, cover more area than most. The oil spread out over large areas and did not cut off anywhere, it justShow MoreRelatedAmerica s Drilling For Oil3209 Words   |  13 Pagesbeen drilling for oil for more than half of their existence. Before the 1850’s oil w as of little use and had no market for commerce as there was not one overwhelming use for it. Until around the 1850’s, when technology advanced, with it sparking search for one of the most sought after natural resources that countries would later go to war over, petroleum oil. Early inventions like the kerosene lamp provided a new stable home necessity to live by, increasing the demand for crude oil. This would be metRead MoreAmerica s Dependence On Foreign Oil993 Words   |  4 PagesProfessor: Latoya Watkins Susan Drake 14 February 2017 Audience: College Students Innovation Today a World for Tomorrow America’s dependence on foreign oil has become a huge problem according to T. Boone Pickens, as our intake is not decreasing but increasing. To find a solution Americans must first be informed that, â€Å"Americans use 25% of the oil in the world and our population is only 4%.† Be shown how it can be fixed through renewable energy such as wind, solar and electric and what progressRead MoreThe Oil Sands Assets Of North America1104 Words   |  5 Pagescontinents: North America, UK portion of North Sea and Offshore Africa. It produces both oil as well as natural gas. North America For the gas, CNRL has both conventional as well as unconventional reserves. The assets in North America is primarily in Western Canadian Sedimentary basin with five major regions of operation: NW Alberta, NE BC, Foothills, Northern and Southern Plains. For oil, their reserves include crude oil, primary, secondary and tertiary recoveries and oil sands (both in-situRead MoreThe, Blood And Oil : The Dangers And Consequences Of Americas Growing Dependency On Imported Oils744 Words   |  3 Pagesforeign oil. Over the years with the vast improvements and technological advances in the petroleum industry, the United States has been able to become increasingly self-sufficient, drastically decreasing its reliance on the import on foreign oil. In Michael Klare’s Book, Blood and Oil: The Dangers and Consequences of Americas Growing Dependency on Imported Oils (2004) he states that, General J.H. Binford Peay III told a House subcommittee in 1997. â€Å"With over 65 percent of the world’s oil reservesRead MoreIncreasing Oil Production in the United States of America1306 Words   |  6 PagesIncreasing Oil Production in the United States of America Crude oil is a major source of energy for the world. Everyday the United States consumes more crude oil than it produces. The growing number of barrels of oil imported into the Unites States and rising gas prices are major concerns. Even though increasing the United States crude oil production may not lower gas prices immediately, it will eventually allow the United States to be energy independent. Oil is used in many different waysRead More America Must Drill for Oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge838 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica Must Drill for Oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is a very controversial topic. On one end you have the people who want to drill for oil to help out our economy, and on the other end there are the environmentalists and the Alaskan natives who do not want their land destroyed. Our economy needs help; oil prices keep rising, gas prices have reached an all time high, and America is depending too much on foreign trade. DrillingRead More America MUST Drill for Oil in The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR)855 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica MUST Drill for Oil in The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For a drug addict to quit a drug, the best solutions for the addict would be to slowly wean them self off the drug periodically. America can be viewed in a parallel way on its dependency for oil. America needs another source of oil to slowly lessen its overwhelming dependency on foreign oil and to help the process of finding another mass energy source. The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge better known as the ANWR is aRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article How America Can Free Itself Of Oil Profitability1038 Words   |  5 PagesThe excessive use of oil in the United States has been a very controversial debate with American experts and scientists. In his article â€Å"How America Can Free Itself of Oil-Profitability,† Amory Lovins addresses the many different issues associated with excessive oil consumption and the risks versus the benefits. Amory Lovins is a physicist, environmental scientist, writer, and Chairman/Chief Scientist of the Rocky Mountain Institute . He has written numerous research articles arguing for the useRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article How America Can Free Itself Of Oil Profitability Essay969 Words   |  4 PagesThe excessive use of oil in the United States has been a very controversial debate with American experts and scientists. In his article â€Å"How America Can Free Itself of Oil-Profitability,† Amory Lovins addresses the many different issues associated with excessive oil consumption and the risks versus the benefits. Amory Lovins is a physicist, environmental scientist, writer, and Chairman/Chief Scientist of the Rocky Mountain Institute. He has written numerous research articles arguing for the useRead MoreWe have the resources in North America to become self-sufficient on our oil instead of Middle1000 Words   |  4 Pages We have the resources in North America to become self-sufficient on our oil instead of Middle Eastern oil. Oil was first discovered in America in 1859 in Titusville, Pennsylvania. (Klare). 155 years later we still are getting oil from countries halfway around the world. Without discovering oil in the US, it would not have given rise to large multinational companies like John D Rockefeller Standard Oil, the big three auto factories, DuPont, airlines/freight industry, and other chemical companies

Yann Martel’s Life of Pi Free Essays

One has often felt a source of temptation in everyday life, whether it is lust for an individual or the desire to eat the last chocolate bar in the pantry. However, temptation runs on a deeper scale in a human’s inherent reliance on false salvation. In Yann Martel’s fictional narrative, Life of Pi, protagonist Pi Patel arrives on a mysterious floating island with an abundance of food and shelter. We will write a custom essay sample on Yann Martel’s Life of Pi or any similar topic only for you Order Now At first, the island seemingly serves as salvation from Pi’s ordeal; paradoxically, it also serves to be a temptation and, ultimately, a test of Pi’s faith in God. Nevertheless, Pi soon realizes that he must leave the island after discovering that it is carnivorous and contributes to spiritual death due to providing false salvation. Because the island provides false salvation, it represents temptation and the Garden of Eden; this leads Pi to realize that he must accept reality rather than trying to escape it, which greatly affects the plot and Pi’s consequent development. For example, because Pi loses his innocence and gains terrible knowledge after opening a â€Å"fruit,† the carnivorous island symbolizes temptation and the Garden of Eden. Like the carnivorous island, the Garden of Eden provides the illusion of paradise. This is illustrated when Martel implies that Pi’s physical needs were met on the island because â€Å"there [was] more fresh water than he could drink in his lifetime [and there were] more meerkats and fish than he could ever desire† (Martel 279). These factors tempt Pi with false salvation, giving him a reason to delay his journey and to stay on the island for a prolonged time. However, Pi ultimately falls to the island’s allurement when he discovers a black â€Å"fruit† on a tree, initially believing that it is as delicious as the algae on the island. Despite the fact that the tree is too high for him to reach, Pi is unable to resist his curiosity and attempts to eat the fruit, which is, in reality, a â€Å"dense accumulation of leaves glued together in a ball† (Martel 280). This parallels the Garden of Eden, in which Eve succumbs to temptation and eats the â€Å"forbidden fruit.† Nevertheless, after Pi opens the fruit and discovers a human molar inside of it, Pi realizes that the island is carnivorous and, as a result, his illusion of paradise is finally destroyed. Consequently, his innocence is lost and Pi gains terrible knowledge of what the island is capable of doing to the human spirit. Thus, the island parallels the events that occured in the Garden of Eden and represents temptation as a whole. Moreover, when the floating island is revealed to be carnivorous, Pi undergoes a momentous change in character, which affects the plot of the narrative greatly. According to the reading guide, How to Read Literature Like a Professor, â€Å"geography can†¦ define or†¦ develop character† (Foster 167). This is exemplified in Life of Pi when the island’s geography and landscape leads to Pi’s spiritual maturity after he discovers the human molar in the â€Å"fruit.† Upon witnessing this, Pi concludes that another individual â€Å"had arrived on [the] shores before him†¦ [and] must have died in the tree [which]†¦ digested the body† (Martel 282). This revelation forces him to leave the island, as Pi â€Å"preferred to perish in search of his own kind than to live a lonely half-life of physical comfort and spiritual death† (Martel 283). Because Pi chooses to endure the hardships of humanity rather than depending on the island for survival, it is indicated that Pi has grown spiritually as a character, favoring hope or faith over physical gratification. Consequently, by seeking harsh reality as opposed to relying on false truth, Pi develops significantly as a character due to the island’s geography and composition. In the film adaption of Life of Pi, the scene involving the carnivorous island is portrayed similarly as in the novel. For example, when Pi sees â€Å"hundred of thousands of meerkats†¦. [that] seemed to feel no fear [when he approached them]† (Martel 266) in the novel, the film portrays the scene in the same way, showing that the meerkats are domesticated. Additionally, the film uses visuals to convey the message that the island is a test of Pi’s faith in God. This is depicted when a shot of the island is shown to be shaped as a man. The particular image of a human indicates that Pi is putting his trust in the needs of man as opposed to focusing on God. Furthermore, the shape of the island implies that the island is a living organism, thus why it is carnivorous. The use of soft neon lights illuminated on the island also conveys that while the island may seem beautiful and aesthetically appealing to the eye, the true intention of the island is disturbing and extremely inhospitable. As a result, the film helps convey the message that the island is carnivorous and is a test of Pi’s faith in God while adhering to the novel’s plot. Due to enticing Pi with the illusion of paradise and salvation from his journey, as well as leading Pi to lose his innocence after opening the â€Å"forbidden fruit,† the island in Life of Pi serves to be a symbol of temptation and the Garden of Eden. Moreover, after gaining terrible knowledge about the island and how it is carnivorous, Pi essentially develops as a character. To illustrate, Pi learns that he must avoid relying on factors that will give him brief pleasure and, instead, must experience the true world and complete his journey. As a result, rather than escaping the trials and ordeals that he is given, such as surviving on the Pacific Ocean, Pi continues to endure his tribulations, ultimately fulfilling his faith in God and his fundamental purpose as a human. How to cite Yann Martel’s Life of Pi, Papers

A mysterious character Essay Example For Students

A mysterious character Essay The Inspector is a mysterious character, who we know very little about. He comes across as a very calm and honest man. When the Inspector first appears in the play he is confronted by Mr. Birling. Mr. Birling is a very successful businessman who has been around in local politics for years. Mr. Birling tries to use his social status to intimidate the Inspector, I was an Alderman for years and Lord Mayor two years ago. To Mr. Birlings pompous bullying the Inspector remains cool and is determined to find something out. At this point we do not know what. The Inspector then asks, Id like some information, if you dont mind. This leaves the audience and family wondering what does the Inspector want to know? Its the way I like to go to work, the Inspector creates an impression of massiveness on the whole family. You can tell from the early stages of the play that the Inspector could find out anything he needed to know, one person and one line of inquiry at a time. You get the feeling the Inspector knows what hes doing and is quietly confident. The Inspectors true character comes out as he reveals each characters story one by one, just as he says. The Inspector joins the play just after Mr. Birling has been setting out his version of the future. I say there isnt a chance of war, he tells the family two years before the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand which sparked off the start of the First World War. Mr. Birling also tempts fate by saying about the Titanic, she sails next week every luxury- and unsinkable. These are J. B. Priestleys versions of dramatic irony. Throughout the play the Inspector demonstrates how people are responsible for their actions and how there actions affect the lives of others. The Inspector expresses his thoughts and feelings in his final speech before he vanishes from the play,we are members of one body. We are all responsible for each other. Without the Inspector the familys hidden secrets would have never been revealed. Some how the Inspector knew what each character had done in their past. By asking the correct questions he makes them reveal all their stories. Like when the Inspector catches Mrs Birling out, If he is (talking about who is Mrs. Birlings son and also the culprit) then we know what to do, dont we? Moments before that Mrs. Birling told everyone that the culprit should be made a public example.

Hester Prynne Is a Feminist Essay Example

Hester Prynne Is a Feminist Paper The Scarlet Letter can easily be audited as early feministic piece of literature. Nathaniel Hawthorne created a story that exemplifies Hester as a strong female character living with her choices, whether they were ethical or unethical (Hawthorne, 52). Hester Prynne is a feminist who refuses to accept the subordinate role of women because she has financial, emotional, and intellectual independence. Hester Prynne is comparable to a modern feminist because of her admirable actions and brave choices (suffragist). Hester reveals she is a resilient woman when she is prosecuted by the male authority and laws set down by the male population of her society. I feel her refusal to show shame or guilt at a victimless crime of passion, is an assertion of her independence in this society where womens main purpose was of procreation (Burnett). Her independence from the supporting power of a man and her own personal drive shows the power of human emotion that surpasses any historical idea of womanhood (suffragist). Hester shows that she’s a passionate woman and does not let the male authority impact her and her daughter Pearl life. We will write a custom essay sample on Hester Prynne Is a Feminist specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Hester Prynne Is a Feminist specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Hester Prynne Is a Feminist specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Hester is comparable to a modern feminist because she feels passion for what she believes in, she does not abide to how women should act during her time, and she acts by the laws she has set up for herself. Hester Prynne shows that she is financially independent when she supports her daughter and herself by her skills (Reiss). She is coerced into being financially independent when Arthur Dimmesdale and Roger Chillilngsworth would not help support Hester and her child Pearl financially (Hawthorne, 47). She then discovers one of her talents and that supports her family by becoming seamstress (Hawthorne). I feel this shows that she does not need a man to support her and depend on; she is a strong woman figure that could do all this on her own. Hester also shows that she is independent another way, emotionally. Hester Prynee is emotionally independent, because she is not dependent on a man figure for emotional support for her problems. She shows independence in handling her own problems and emotions that stem out of these factors (Burnett). Being emotionally independent is a good quality to possess as it shows a strong-willed and independent woman who can handle herself in tough situations and Hester does show this as a quality (suffragist). For example, she has to cope going through society as a sinner and wearing the letter alone, she can not relate to anyone and does not have anyone to â€Å"lean on† for support . As shown in this qoute â€Å"But Hester Prynne, with a mind of native courage and activity, and for so long a period not merely estranged, but outlawed, from society, had habituated herself to such latitude of speculation as was altogether foreign to the clergyman. She had wandered, without rule or guidance, in a moral wilderness. . . . The scarlet letter was her passport into regions where other women dared not tread. Shame, Despair, Solitude! These had been her teachers,—stern and wild ones,—and they had made her strong, but taught her much amiss (Hawthorne, 183). She is going through all of this alone. Another example is when she is standing on the scaffold. She has to stay strong for her daughter, while the public ridicules her for her actions (Hawthorne). But she also shows characteristics for being intellectually independent. As shown in this quote â€Å"She stood apart from moral interests, yet close beside them, like a ghost that revisits the familiar fireside and can no longer make itself seen or felt, no more smile with the household joy, nor mourn with the kindred sorrow; or, should it succeed in manifesting its forbidden sympathy, awakening only terror and horrible repugnance. (Hawthorne, 88) Intellectual independence is the most important form of independence. Intellectual dependence happens when Hester starts thinking for herself (suffragist). Hester does filtering ideas of her own, and she definitely does not accept other peoples’ advice blindly. Intellectual independence means she is willing to experiment, explore and leave no stone unturned in the search for understanding (Clavaron). I feel Hester does avoid ideas that do not fit neatly into her world view. She will think through ideas herself instead of blindly accepting predigested facts from other people. For example, she never listened to Roger Chillingsworths’ suggestions, such telling the identity of her lover so that she could be judged and seen differently, then her lover would then be exposed and ridiculed. As shown in his quote â€Å"Wherefore dost thou desire it? † inquired Hester, shrinking, she hardley knew why, from this secret bond. â€Å"Why not announce thyself openly, and cast me off at once†. â€Å"I will keep thy secret, as I have his. †(Hawthorne, 68-69) Like all forms of independence, intellectual independence is personal. As Hawthorne says in this quote â€Å"She had wandered, without rule or guidance, into a moral wildern ess. Her intellect and heart had their home, as it were, in desert places, where she roamed as freely as the wild Indian in his woods. The scarlet letter was her passport into regions where other women dared not tread. Shame, Despair, Solitude! These had been her teachers stern and wild ones and they had made her strong, but taught her much amiss† (Hawthorne, 186). This shows that Hester Prynne is independent through financial, emotional, and even through intellectual independence. By being this independent she is seen as a modern day feminist when she deliberately chooses to rebel against the Puritan society in her relationship with Dimmesdale and her protection of him (Hawthorne, 68). She is a feminist who refuses to accept the subordinate role of women and has financial, emotional, and finally intellectual independence Work Cited Burnett, Paula. Hester. New Statesman Society 2 Sept. 1994: 36. Academic OneFile. Web. 20 Oct. 2010. Clavaron, Yves. Etudes francophones, postcolonial studies: Entre mesentente cordiale et strategies partagees. Neohelicon: Acta comparationis litterarum universarum 35. 2. 2008: 39+. Academic OneFile. Web. 20 Oct. 2010. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. United States: Modern Library, 2000. Print Hester. Publishers Weekly 256. 47. 2009: 38. Academic OneFile. Web. 20 Oct. 2010. Reiss, John. Hawthorns The Scarlet Letter. . The Explicator 53. 4. 1995: 200+. Academic OneFile. Web. 20 Oct. 2010. suffrage. (Definition). The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, 3rd ed. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 2002. Academic OneFile. Web. 20 Oct. 2010. suffragist. (Definition). The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, 3rd ed. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 2002. Academic OneFile. Web. 20 Oct. 2010.

Capital Punishment3 essays

Capital Punishment3 essays In society today there are murders committed everyday. And everyday the people who commit these crimes are found guilty in a court of law and sentenced to like in prison. Some even get chances for parole. What the courts should do is take every murderer, give every one of them the death penalty, and follow through with it. The death penalty should be legal in all 50 states and carried through when given out as a sentence. Gary Gilmore faced a firing squad at the Utah State Prison on January 17, 1977. There have been 55 murders in that state during 1976. During 1977, in wake of the Gilmore execution, there were 44 murders: a 20 percent decrease. As you can see, the execution had some effect on the murder rate in Utah. There are very few proven facts about capital punishment deterring crime at this time. This is so because capital punishment is not used enough to actually have an effect on people. It is a fact that of all murder sentences that 38 percent get the death penalty. If that 38 percent only 0.1 percent are executed. If we use the death penalty more often and actually carry through with it will have an effect on the crime rate in the country. People will see that finally we have justice in this country and if they do this, there is a large chance they are going to be caught and they are going to receive the death penalty. We also need the death penalty in this country because if we execute the murderer that person has no chance to ever kill or harm another person again. The person will never have a chance for parole and there will never be a risk of this person ever ruining another familys life. It is not fair for a murderer to get life in prison. The murderer still can have a life, not much of one, but they do have one. He or she can still communicate with their families. The victim of the murder cannot. The victims family will never be ...

Green Fluorescent Protein Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Green Fluorescent Protein - Essay Example This generates a plethora of chemical transformations where glycine forms a chemical bond with serine, as a result a new closed ring is formed, and the process is followed by dehydration. In the next hour, environmental oxygen reacts with the bond in tyrosine resulting in the formation of double bond to form a new fluorescent chromophore. GFP is ideal for genetic engineering as it has its own chromophore. Genetic instructions are provided to the cell under investigation, which eventually builds the GFP protein, GFP folds up in a specific manner and glows. Various research studies involve GFP as a reporter molecule to understand the functioning of genes or molecules in an explicit manner. Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) is a protein molecule generated by a jellyfish Aequorea victoria. The organism displays its fluorescent protein along the margin of its umbrella as the glowing points of light. The light is generated from the yellow tissue masses encompassing approximately 6000-7000 photogenic cells. These photogenic cells produce light by means of bioluminescence, encompassing a calcium-activated photoprotein, popularly known as â€Å"aequorin† that produces green fluorescent protein (GFP) and blue-green light. GFP accepts energy from the protein molecule aequorin and gives out as green light (Green Fluorescent Protein, n.d.). GFP comprises of 238 amino acids in its protein. The protein remains highly stable in neutral buffers even at the temperature of 65 ºC. GFP is also stable at wider pH range from 5.5 to 12. The protein molecule of GFP is strongly fluorescent, with a quantum effectiveness of about 80 percent as well as displays molar extinction coefficient of 2.2 x 104 cm-1 M-1. Maximum fluorescence displayed by GFP is at 400 nm while lesser peak is displayed at 475nm, whereas the fluorescence emission peak is displayed at 509nm. The intrinsic fluorescence of the GFP is attributed to its exclusive covalently bound chromophore, which is

Marketing in the United States Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Marketing in the United States - Article Example From this study it is clear that due to this fact, the article describes the changes that are currently observed in the marketing strategy. Most businesses are now shifting the focus of their marketing to this generation. This is in line with the responses to demographic changes of the market. This article is important in that it exposes the changes in the market that warrant changes in marketing strategy. To reach a large population, any marketer must be aware of demographic changes in the market and seek to focus attention on the most viable group. It also justifies the focus that most businesses are taking in advertisements, the internet. This generation will, therefore, be the main focus for many businesses in the present and the future. The marketing strategies should now focus on addressing the demographic changes.This paper discusses that despite the long-held perceptions that the millennial generation is indecisive, lazy and possibly inactive in the business, the marketers ar e now finding a new consumer generation in these individuals. The change is related to the fact that the millennial generation, which encompasses the young people in their twenties, forms the largest part of the American population. To achieve a considerably larger exposure of their products, the marketers are, therefore, focusing on this generation that is also easily reachable through the internet.

The Role Of The Modern Constrction Project Manager Construction Essay

The Role Of The Modern Constrction Project Manager Construction Essay Construction project manager is the responsible person to handle overall construction of projects from start to end, successfully complete the project within on Time, Cost, and Quality. As the educational Qualifications, They are degree holders or having relevant equivalent qualifications in the field of civil engineering, construction management or construction sciences. There are critical responsibilities relevant to the construction project manager roles; hence he should mange the project in a proper way to achieve the project goals. A Construction project is a temporary endeavor to create an inimitable product or service. Construction Projects generally include constraints and risks concerning cost, schedule or performance outcome. This management process specially consists of some specific functions such as, Project Initiation, Planning, Organizing, Controlling and Managing of Resources for completion of the project successfully within a scheduled time, cost and quality. There are nine project management processes Such as, Scope Management, Schedule Management, Budget Management, Quality Management, Team Management, Stakeholder Management, Information Management, Risk management, Contract Management. Cost controlling system is a critical activity of the cost management process, to run the project without commercial backlog. (Refer to Chat 1.02) Final inspection should carry out by the Construction Project Manager after completion of constructions of the project. He must re-check all approval for quality of work, testing and commissioning reports, scope verification etc. INTRODUCTION As a spectacular construction project manager who is broadly discuses within this report about Modern Construction Project Management Process for the purpose of make understand of client. Describing identified critical phases of management process how to manage and how to obtain a maximum turnover of the project through proper management methods. As well as to archive the project goals in terms of time, Quality, Cost, Safety. Hence in this study will be discussed some significant project management key measures, such as role of the modern construction project manager, effective modern project management process and how to contribute to improve the time, quality and cost to construction project. MAIN BODY Who is the construction project manager? Construction project manager is the responsible person to handle overall construction of projects from start to end. His duty will be act as the representative of the client, as well as complete contribution for the successful initiation, planning, execution and close-out of a project. Construction project managers are engaged with particular management activities for managing construction projects in a proper way, hence they have the specialized knowledge for project planning, directing, coordinating and budgeting process. As examples for construction projects; Commercial buildings, Industrial buildings, Schools hospitals, Roads bridges, Water treatment plants, and also specialized civil engineering works, etc; Educational Background of the Construction Project Manager Generally they are degree holders or having relevant equivalent qualifications in the field of civil engineering, construction management or construction sciences. Also some of them are promoted as construction managers from supervisory level having sufficient experience. Other added qualifications will be; ability of having flexibility, making clear decisions for managing and resolving problems, good understanding about engineering drawings and very good knowledge of operating computer software. And also talented with good communication skills, leadership skills to have a good relationship with relevant parties, The Construction Project Managers Responsibilities: There are critical responsibilities relevant to the construction project manager roles; hence he should mange the project in a proper way to achieve the project goals. His responsibilities and duties in brief are as follows; Study the condition of construction site and prepare a feasibility study report to get understanding about what type of land required for the project. Prepare master program coordinate with the planner and discuss with the employer. Execute as a key role in project planning, budgeting, and identification of resources required. Organize the construction team, developing the objectives, goals of each and allocate individual responsibilities. Managing project cash-flow and minimizing exposures and risks in the project. Manage/ monitor the construction activity progress in line with the project schedule. Keep well communication with all contractors. And also co-ordinate with all parties whom are involved in the project. Advising the employer related with finance and cost controlling. Monitoring strictly budgetary guidelines, quality and safety standards. Periodic inspections of construction sites. Heading of project kick off meetings and periodic progress meetings as required Obtaining of all necessary permits and licenses as per the project requirements. Preparations for handing over process in respect to the agreed contract master Program. In addition, there are some specific qualitative attributes in project management roles; ability to plan and organize a team effort, well client management and kindness building aptitude, talent to motivate, guide and increase morale of the teams, successful time management and logical decision-making skill, ability to handle work force, physical mental fitness and physically powerful focus on quality etc. What is a Construction Project? A Construction project is a temporary endeavor to create an inimitable product or service. Construction Projects generally include constraints and risks concerning cost, schedule or performance outcome. Every project has a start and an end. The end of a project is defined by the successful completion of the product or service. There are specific traits that all projects have in common. The most distinguishing feature is a specific time frame. Every project must have a clear, definitive objective and activity tasks, such as planning, organizing, Control and close-out tasks, and resource and project executions Key Characteristics of Projects are: Unique solution. Project boundaries. One-time effort, usually requiring specified resources. Specified start and Project Milestones. Concerning about project completion period. What is the Construction Project Management? According to the PM4DEV Project Management for Development Organizations, noted as; Project management is a process of leading a team of capable people in planning and implementing a series of related activities that need to be accomplished on a specific date with a limited budget. Because of its nature, coordinating all these activities requires a process approach. This management process specially consists of some specific functions such as, Project Initiation, Planning, Organizing, Controlling and Managing of Resources for completion of the project successfully within a scheduled time, cost and quality. General functions of construction project management usually include the following Project objectives and plans; (including definition of scope, scheduling, budgeting, setting performance requirements) Maximizing resource efficiency of labor, materials and equipment through a proper management. Implementing various operations through proper coordination and monitoring of planning, design, estimating, contracting and construction for the entire process. Developing effective communications and mechanisms for resolving conflicts Particularly project manager is the overall responsible person to implement the construction project management process in a proper way. Hence, Project Manager has the ultimate responsibility such as, Planning, Organizing, Controlling and successful completion of the project. Furthermore, explaining about project management process by below given chart will shows clearly. (Refer to Figure 2-1) Figure 2-1:Â   Basic Ingredients in Project Management Specific Benefits of the Construction Project Management Process There are specific benefits of Construction Project Management process, these benefits are very essential for the project success. Preferable efficiency in delivering services Improved/Increased/Enhanced customer satisfaction Enhanced effectiveness in delivering services Improved growth and development within your team Greater standing and competitive edge Opportunities to expand your services Better Flexibility Increased risk assessment, Quality Quantity However when executing the essential project management strategies; Construction project managers intent will focus to reach of the desired project goal. Essential Factors of Project Management Process Generally Construction projects have specific factors to contribute of project success or project fail. Each factor directly affect with other factors in order to archive the project objectives. Those are as follows; Project Team and Team Motivation. Project Manager. Project. Planning. Avoiding Scope Creep. Risk Management. Project Closure. Project Management Process According to the PM4DEV, its Project Management for Development Organizations as noted in the article, There are nine particular management processes under Construction project management, and to implement in a proper way by using specialized knowledge of the Project Manager. The nine project management processes are: Scope Management Schedule Management Budget Management Quality Management Team Management Stakeholder Management Information Management Risk management Contract Management Above management process have divided into two groups: Enabling processes Facilitating processes This management process phases are interrelated with entire project life cycle. Below given graphic chat will shows about interrelationship with management process and project lifecycle. Enabling Process (Scope, Schedule, Budget, Quality Management) Project Life Cycle (Initiation, Planning, execution, Controlling Monitoring, Close-out) Facilitating processes (Team, Stakeholder, Information, Risk management Contract Management) Figure 4.1 Project Management Processes and Phases Enabling Processes In the construction management process, enabling process include with project scope, schedule, budget and quality. Hence, these should enable to control some specific objectives of the project for the project success. Scope Management In the construction project management process; Scope management is a very critical for project success. Also project scope is the way to illustrate the boundaries of the project. Hence, Project Manager should aware and concerning the project scope. As a result of this, Project Manager is able to co-ordinate with designers to get update and control the project scope and also acknowledge of project team. Further about scope management by below given graphic chart will explain it briefly; Schedule Management Schedule Management is the development of a project schedule that includes all project activities, hence the Project Manager has to stick on starting and completion dates of each trade packages as programmed, and management team also has to monitor progress of construction and forecast the completion dates accordingly. If completion dates are not matching the master program, control process is required. As an example; assumed some work element unable to complete as programmed due to less progressing or late in starting. If so, it will affect to other work sections too, and delay occurs accordingly. Therefore, Project Manager should advice to allocate additional resources to accelerate the delayed work section to complete it as pre- programmed. Budget Management Budget Management process is required to ensure the project is completed within the estimated budget. Hence, this is the vital responsibility of the Construction Project Manager to handle and complete the project within allocated budget of the project. As well as monitor and control the cost of project at both pre post contract stages, also these are important parts of the management process. Quality Management Quality Management is the process to ensure that the project will satisfy the needs of the beneficiaries. Hence, Project Manager has to monitor and control the quality of work and develop the quality plan. Also he has to allocate a experienced project coordinator to advice guide the contractor to maintain the quality of work. Each work element should be approved by a qualified quality controller or an Engineer prior to handover. Also he has to check the quality of materials and should be strict to the contractor to use standard materials for construction as specified in drawings and specifications to maintain the quality of work. Hence all materials should be approved by a quality controlling team prior to use for construction. Some of the most important quality tools are; Plan-Do-Check-Act Cycle, Fishbone Diagram, Pareto Chart, Scatter Diagram, Decision Matrix, Flowchart, Stratification, Control Chart, Histogram, Brainstorming, Tree Diagram, etc; Facilitating processes This process includes with some specific functions such as, Team, stakeholder, information, risk, and contract management, these are facilitating to assist and make possible to achieve its objectives. Team Management Team management is a technique, processes and tools for organizing and coordinating a group of individuals working towards a common goal, there are some critical factors for success of the team management process, identify the roles responsibilities, reporting relationships and getting the people whom will be allocated to the project and team improvement. As well as team evaluation is very important part to identify the staff performances and their skill levels and required further development. Stakeholder Management Stakeholder Management include Stakeholder identify, analysis, planning and communication. Project Stakeholders are very important people for the project success. Hence, Project Manager has to manage them in a proper way, because of all of them having interested to the project success. As example Donors, Beneficiaries, Local Government Organizations Partners or Organizations are the Stakeholders of a Construction Project. Also, managing them and keeping good relationship in between stakeholders and project. Risk Management Identification of possible risks in advance is an important and major responsibility of a Project Manager. The project management team will be able to take necessary actions to avoid or minimize the risks by identifying them early. Safety of work, Economic matters, Weather conditions, political matters, etc; also includes in risk management. Hence, it is important to take required insurance for the construction, material on site, employees; third parties, etc; Methods and Techniques for influence the planning process At the Design Stage Existing plans to be used to observe design problems and identify most suitable techniques and methods during the design stage. Site visit and inspection carry out at recently completed projects, similar to this project in order to get proper analysis to minimize the possible design risks. Separate design department such as Architectural, MEP, and Civil Works need set-up to reduce design errors and to minimize the time. At the Construction Stage Supply Ready-mix concrete from nearest place for control project time and cost overrun. Use slip-forming method for special constructions, swimming pool and water tank tower. Project duration can be controlled using pre-cast concrete slabs for car park basement floors, walls etc. Use of eco bricks for structural walls boundary walls. Also cement, soils stabilizer can be used for wall plastering. Programming, scheduling and controlling Pre-Contract Stage Planning to start tendering process carry out prior to finish all the required designs. Project Specifications and requirements to be submitted at early stage to the specialized contractors. Soil investigation reports need to be handed over to the design consultant at the planning stage. Tenders should call for Pilling contractors once completing the design of pilling. Planning to carry out Site preparation works by others (Demolitions, filling and cutting, removing vegetation soil etc.) Required temporary facilities need put-up at project site. Take necessary action for site security by fencing, lighting etc. and also putting up security post as required. Post-Contract Stage Prepare the construction programme as per the construction works sequence. Actual performance to be achieved being reviewed weekly and monthly. Design modifications should incorporate when and where arise at the project. Review construction Programme frequently, in order to control project milestones. Monitor sub contractors activities regularly to check whether activities are in accordance with agreed timescales. Cost Controlling Cost controlling system is a critical activity of the cost management process, to run the project without commercial backlog. (Refer to Chat 1.02) Chart 1.02 Cost controlling and cost management system Pre contract cost management Generally preliminary budget estimate is prepared based on the clients intended budget and also concerning separate trade packages. As well as Cost plan (elemental analysis), Cost check, Tender reconciliation process also important activities for the cost controlling under pre contract stage. Post contract cost management BCIS slandered form is followed (Elemental Standard Form of Cost Analysis Principles, Instructions, Elements and Definitions 4th Edition) to prepare elementary cost analysis method and gaudiness. Further detail herein for cost control, using S- curve methods; (Refer to Chart 1.03) Chart 1.03 Cost control S-Curve (Programmed) Referring to the above diagram; it shows expenditure and income occurred. This is being monitored regularly, to avoid the cost overrun. . Safety of Work Safety of work is very important at the site to avoid delays and disputes in construction. Hence all employees should educate about safety matters and should provide safety equipments, also should be maintain proper safety standers for the project success. Closing and Handover the Project Final inspection should carry out by the Construction Project Manager after completion of constructions of the project. He must re-check all approval for quality of work, testing and commissioning reports, scope verification etc. CONCLUSION/ RECOMMENDATION When study through the report its present this conclusion; any construction projects can be successfully completed by implementing construction management process in a proper way and also critical responsibility of the project mangers having, as examples; considerable effort to be taken to avoid or minimize the project overrun time; cost and quality within obtain comprehensive effort for site investigation and feasibility study as well as all parties that involved at the design stage have to be worked as a team and to be collaborated to finalize and fulfillment of project designs, managing risks in a proper way and using management techniques to mitigate cost over runes. REFERENCE/ BIBLIOGRHAPY The Top 10 Benefits of Project Management http://theconstructor.org/constrution/project-quality-management-in-construction/292/ http://pmbook.ce.cmu.edu/09_Construction_Planning.html#9.1 Basic Concepts in the Development of Construction Plans WORD COUNT Word count 2127 Nos (Excludes Reference/ bibliography)

Rousseau Amour Propre

Daniel Davis Philosophy D 12/01/11 What is amour-propre? What role does it play, according to Rousseau, in the Discourse on Inequality? Tutor: Robert Cowan In May 1755, Jean Jacques Rousseau’s Discourse on the Origin of Inequality was published. The Discourse challenged contemporary philosophers in regards to the nature of man, and the fundamental principles of inequality. He highlighted that the inequality in current society developed due to the increase amour-propre has had on individuals.Examining amour-propre shows that it is fundamentally much more complex than simply being misconstrued as vanity; it could be described as a range of things such as pride, aggrandizement and prestige within society. It has played a decisive role within the development of society and has been attributed to being the source of the existing inequality within modern society. Although amour-propre is described in the Second Discourse as largely negative, it is responsible for the development of socialization and the individual drive for recognition.Amour-propre is a reflective trait that is triggered when human beings started coming together, as it requires a human to be compared with another being. It is the need for self-love and the intrinsic need to feel a sense of importance within society. Rousseau suggests this trait is the fundamental drive in all human beings. It gives way for the need to be recognised as a rational human being.Amour-propre could also be described as the drive to find distinction within society; this could be manifested as the need to be championed as the best at something, having your views being considered as rational and valued, or establish superiority over one’s peers. The nature of amour-propre is interminable, and the more it is used the greater of an influence it becomes on a person’s character; the more someone is held in esteem, the more passionate they become in maintaining their status. As it becomes more powerful, it bec omes a source of athologies such as shame and vanity; it is described as the ‘’the source of personal corruption and suffering and social evil’’ (Dent, 1992, pg. 34) due to the overwhelming nature of it. Moreover, as people are influenced more by amour-propre, their drive for a fulfilled life relies solely on their status. As everyone has the same drive it creates ‘’a world in which the amour-propre of all but himself is ignored’’ (O’Hagan, 1999, pg. 173). Rousseau highlights amour-propre as being a reflective trait by examining the state of nature.As savage man is an unreflective and solitary being, the awareness of status would not yet be in his realms of understanding. Moreover, at this point, Rousseau highlights that they have no sense of morality, and only possess two main unreflective traits: amour de soi (self-preservation) and pitie (compassion). The former gives the savage man a drive for survival, addressing only the most basic needs e. g. food, water, sex. Rousseau highlights the primary distinctions of amour de soi and amour propre in the Second Part in the Discourse.He believes that amour-propre is a modification of our amour de soi. The two are very different by virtue of their nature; if amour de soi could be described as the wellbeing of self, amour-propre could be described as the wellbeing of social status. This wellbeing of self doesn’t impose on other savage humans for a number of reasons: being naturally solitary beings, having an abundance of supplies to adequately satisfy their basic needs, as well as not having the unreflective concept of what another savage human is. Although there is a basic natural inequality between savage humans (i. . strength, height) the absence of society as well as reasons that led to one imposing on another makes this somewhat inexistent, further highlighting in Rousseau’s argument that society and the existence of amour-propre leads to the essence of inequality and corruption. As amour-propre displaces amour de soi it leads to it ‘’substituting for the intact self-possessed good with which the latter is concerned the delusive good which consists in procuring invidious personal dominance over others’’ (Dent, 1992, pg. 34).As amour-propre is the main drive for distinction and self-importance, competition between humans becomes more violent and deceitful which creates a greater degree of inequality within society. Moreover, as the sentiment is an artificial and reflective trait, it could be described as morally unjustified. The artificial trait is highlighted by Rousseau when he writes ‘’amour-propre is a purely relative and factitious feeling which arises in the state of society’’ (Rousseau, f/n pg. 73); it is due to the need for comparison with other human beings that it arises only in society and the coming together of human beings.It is this correlation that the trait has with society that leads it to having a significant role within the development of society. The development of amour-propre has played a pivotal role within society: Rousseau believes it is solely responsible for the ills, and inspires all evil in modern society. Civil society was founded when ‘’the first man who, having enclosed a piece of ground, bethought himself of saying ‘This is mine’, and found people simple enough to believe him’’ (Rousseau pg. 84).The state of civil society could not have happened overnight, that leap would require great conceptual development in humans, but from the moment that men started staying in communities was the first real sign in the development of amour-propre; humans started comparing themselves with other beings and ‘’from these first distinctions arose on the one side vanity and contempt and on the other shame and envy’’ (Rousseau pg. 90). Although in early stages of society ‘’amour-propre is morally neutral’’ (O Hagan, 1999, pg. 162) Rousseau suggests that it is the true cause of society’s discontent.This is due to the pathologies that develop from the first distinctions of men. These first distinctions also gave way to the prestige of status; status is the main ambition behind the trait of amour-propre; the egocentric need to prove your importance and standing in society. From this point, amour-propre becomes more established within human behaviour and becomes a major influence on the development of society. The pathologies, such as vanity and pride, then have a chance to develop. The overpowering nature of these pathologies begins to overshadow the fundamental needs for survival.As the influence of these pathologies grows, human beings initial drive becomes overwhelmed by their reliance on artificial needs. Although the initial drive for status can create a healthy competition, this drive can quickly becom e vehement and deceitful as we start to expect it from others. Moreover, the progress of these pathologies shows how our nature changes due to increased influence from amour-propre. In modern society, the omnipresence of amour- propre has changed people from being championed for what they can to do to what they can appear to do.This increases the amount of influence deceit has on society as people can be held in greater esteem for having the quality of convincing their peers of their abilities rather than showing them in practice. Amour-propre can have more negative effect on society: as the growth inequality increases, this attribute becomes consuming as we become obsessed about our status, esteem and personal possessions. As more sentiment is bestowed on our artificial needs, such as personal possessions, the unreflective attributes of human beings are overshadowed.Moreover, the need for such possessions becomes more overwhelming, as it gives humans a greater thirst for more mater ialistic things; as we own more things, our amour-propre not only lets us believe that we rely on such possessions, but more are needed in order to sustain our prestige and esteem. Rousseau gives evidence that these possessions don’t give any substantial happiness to their beholder, however in the Second Discourse: ‘’men would be unhappy at the loss of them, though the possession did not make them happy’’ (Rousseau pg. 8). The envious side of amour-propre is also heightened as competition between peers starts a tit-for-tat relationship on who possesses most of these personal possessions. Furthermore, the role amour-propre plays in society creates social standing, and inequality, by comparing your possessions with others: if you have more possessions, you are held in higher esteem. The more people own, however, the more they tend to rely on such things to maintain their social standing and in a way become enslaved by their personal possessions.Rousse au highlights this in the Social Contract by claiming ‘’man is born free and everywhere he is in chains, one thinks himself the master of others, and still remains a greater slave than they’’ (Rousseau pg. 181): Rousseau believes human behaviour is consumed by amour-propre to the extent it enslaves an individual’s very nature. Rousseau also claims that amour-propre acts as a catalyst for the growth of inequality within society. We also become more enslaved to our status the higher we are held in esteem, desperate to maintain societies’ high opinion of ourselves.Politicians are a good example of this, as their behaviour is constantly scrutinized they are bounded by constantly playing the role that society expects (that of an upstanding and honest role model; their freedom to behave in any manner they want is extinguished by constantly trying to uphold their status. Although it is described as largely negative within the Second Discourse, it is essential for the foundations of society. If humans didn’t have the drive for competition and standing, the socialization between humans would not happen as we require interaction to hold comparison between ourselves and our peers.Within modern society, the innate drive to better one’s self could stem for the overwhelming nature of the trait. Without this drive, the determination within the human nature may only extend to necessities of survival and not the technological and scientific advances that society has discovered. Although Rousseau argues that many ills that exist in modern society are born through society itself, the advancements in dealing with such problems surely have been spurred on with the drive for recognition and status that is bestowed on people responsible for these advancements.Amour propre also develops the desire to be respected and acknowledged, and gives us the sense that we matter. As we start to expect eminence from other humans, our nature changes due to ‘’societies which amour-propre runs rampant, people are alienated from their authentic or natural selves’’ (Riley, 2001 pg. 117). Our nature is augmented so much so, we would become vexed if we are individually disregarded in society, as it vitiates our status as a rational human being.From this viewpoint, amour-propre could be regarded as a fitting trait to tackle the problem of inequality; examples of this in society could be the struggle for inequality in America during the 1960s when the black community fought to improve their status within society and decreased the level of inequality within the country. This concept is somewhat counter intuitive, however, as it suggests amour-propre spurs on inequality but also reduces it. Amour-propre is the intrinsic need for distinction within society.The egocentric trait is fundamental in the development of human beings as it gives us a drive not only for this distinction but also gives rise to ine quality due to its competitive nature. As each human being is only concerned with their own status, conflict and inequality are increased as people develop a competitive nature due to the need for prestige. This has led to amour-propre playing a pivotal role within society. Due to the overwhelming nature of the trait, social class and rank have developed which has led to an unequal society that is driven solely by the need to surpass ur peers. Moreover, the fundamental needs for survival are overshadowed by the reliance human beings have for artificial needs such as personal possessions. Bibliography The Social Contract and Discourses, Jean Jacques Rousseau, 1913, Everyman Publishing, Guernsey C. I The Blackwell Philosopher Dictionaries, A Rousseau Dictionary, NJH Dent 1992 Blackwell Publishing, Oxford The Cambridge Companion to Rousseau, Patrick Riley, 2001, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Rousseau, Timothy O Hagan, 1999, Routledge Publishing London

Women Rights in Islam

Women rights in Islam Outline Introduction Background Equal rights of men and women in Islam Social rights .right to get education .right to accept or reject marriage proposal .right to get divers .right to secrecy .right to just treatment in case of polygamy .right to entertain and dine out .right to demand separate house .right to deny doing all the chores of home .right to dress Economic rights .right to Inheritance .right to ownership .right to dowry .right to maintenance (Iddah, child upbringing) .right to seek employment .right to do business Legal and political rights right to be equal before law .right to witness .right to vote .right to work on legal and political positions Conclusion Women rights in Islam Holy prophet (S. A. W) said, â€Å"Among you the most respectable is the one who respects women and the most disrespectable is the one who disrespect the women. † The above instruction of holy prophet (S. A. W) declared the ground of honor and respect for a person i n Deen-e-Islam . Islam gave women an honorable life and ignite the light of rights in her life. Before Islam women were extremely deteriorated by the society.Arabs used to bury their daughters alive, wives were harshly beaten, step mother became legacy of eldest son and the sisters were given as a compensation for any sin of her family. Islam abolished all these dark practices and made the paradise under the feet of mother, guaranteed paradise to a father who brought up her daughters with love, assured paradise to the husband who care her wife and made sisters partners in the inheritance. Today Muslim woman is facing problems not because of lack of her rights in Islam but due to the male driven and illiterate society.Islam promised women respect, honor and safety before and more than any other religion, civilization and moderation. Islam gave women all rights to women before 15 centuries which any one can expect in today’s highly modern world. The sad pages of history only pr esent crying voices and tears of women that break the heart the reader. All the big civilization of their time including Hubsha, Byzantine, Room, Greece, Egypt, China, Hindustan and Arabian Penusiuala ruined the women under the feet of brutality.Those who are claiming themselves the leaders and providers of women rights in today’s world were in fact the real usurper of women rights from centuries. Women In these civilizations struggled so hard and fight for her rights centuries and centuries even than their male dominant leadership never gave them rights until they need them. After the two world wars when men strength became insufficient in forces and in the other fields of life then they brought women out of house and used her for their different purposes on the name of women rights.Let’s have a look on the dates of rights givers as a prove US in 1920,British in 1918,France in 1944,Norway in 1907,Sweden in 1921,Belgium in 1919,Japan in 1945,Netherland in 1919 and so o n. Whereas Islam gave all social, economical, political and legal rights to the women long before fifteen (15) centuries. Everyone knows Islam claim that it is a complete code of life. Therefore Islam is not only complete code of life for men it is also complete code of life for women. It gives equal rights to men and women. It is very important for everyone that there is big difference of meaning between the words â€Å"equal† and â€Å"same†.As women and man cannot same physically so there rights can also not same due to their duties but they have equal rights on or the other way. This equal terminology can also be explain by taking a very simple example. There are two students in class one called Saeed scored 4 in economics,3 in political studies and 3 in social studies and another called Sadia scored 2 in economics, 4 in political studies and 4 in social studies. Saeed got (4+3+3)=10 and Sadia got (2+4+4)=10,that shows both Saeed and Sadia scored equal marks that i s total 10 but they score different marks in different areas.It illustrates the real meanings of equal and its similar to the meaning of equal rights of men and women in Islam. If father has more rights and responsibilities economically than women then mother has more rights and responsibilities that balance their rights in all circumstances. For further classifications of women rights in Islam, let’s discuss them under different heads such as social, economic, legal and political. Starting from the social, holy prophet (S A W) said â€Å"Education is mandatory for men and women. † The above hadith does not discriminating gender that means it is not only mandatory for men but also for women.Therefore no body restricts her from getting education. Its her right to get same education as her brother gets. Holy prophet (S A W) said â€Å"You have to get education even its available in China. † Again there is no discrimination of gender in above hadith. If a boy can g et education by traveling long distance then girl can also. She has right to go to school and mosque. If women had right to go to mosque for getting education and offer prayers during the period of holy prophet (S A W) and Caliphate than why not she has this right in today’s modern world. Hazat Ayasha(R.A) was the teacher of 8000 companions and she was expert of history, medicine, hadith, literature and law. Once a lady came to Holy prophet (S A W) and said that she was forcefully married   by her father and she is not happy with her husband, the Holy prophet (S A W)   dissolved her marriage then and there and emphasizes for marrying couples by their consent. Above hadith validating the consent of females before marriage and made it compulsory for all Muslim parents. She can also demand to see the person before her marriage and she can also talk to him in the presence of her legal blood relative.Once hazrat Aysha (R. A) showed desire to see the ongoing circus in the stree t. Holy prophet (S A W) happily replied to her that she can hide herself at the back of holy prophet (S. A. W) and then watch the circus. Aysha(R. A) did this and enjoyed the circus as long as she can stand there when became tired she went back to home. The Holy prophets (S A W) stand there more than an hour for her entertainment. This hadith is highlighting very kind treatment of Holy prophet (S A W) to his wife. It also emphasizes the right of entertainment to women.Some people having wrong perception that Islam binds women in the walls of house and she has no right to come out for any purpose. In fact this is opposite of Islamic teachings. It is also her right that she should be treated with love by her husband. Al-Quran â€Å"You and your wives are dresses of each other. † Therefore it is women right that she should be entertained by her husband. Once Holy prophet (S A W) said to one of his companion â€Å"Why not you get marry so that you can play with your wife and she can play with you. †It is making clear that it’s not matter of disrespect or against the sobriety of men or matter of hummer if he entertains his wife. Dinning out or going out for outing with wife is also encouraged in Islam. It is also women right that she should be taken out by her husband for outing or for dinning. Once an Iranian companion of Holy prophet (S A W) who was a very good cook cooked some food and came to Holy prophet (S A W) house for inviting him. Holy prophet (S A W) asked â€Å"can Aysha (R. A) also come with me. † Because of any reason companion replied† no she can’t. † Holy prophet (S A W) also replied â€Å"then I also cannot†.Companion invited Holy prophet (S A W) three times and got same answer from the Holy prophet (S A W) . At last companion said â€Å"yes she can also come with you† then Holy prophet (S A W) accepted invitation and brought her for dinner along him. Therefore bringing wife to dine out i s not only encouraged but also SUNNA of Holy prophet (S A W). In addition, to demand separate house for living is also right of wife from his husband. If she does not like to live with the family of her husband then she has complete right to live with her husband in a separate place. Many cruel of our male driven society are considering this right against their ago.So often instead of fulfilling this true right of wife they give diverse or beat their wives for forcefully living with their family like a servant which is completely against Islamic teachings. Furthermore, Islam is not binding women to cook food to do crockery or to wash clothes of her husband. If she refuses to do all this then its not making her guilty in the eyes of almighty ALLAH. But yes, she might be very guilty in the eyes of her husband who brings her for doing all these services for him. Many of Muslim women love to do all these services for their husbands, so their husbands must be thankful for their wives.Sub sequently, human being is used to make mistakes. So if there is any conflict arises between husband and wife then husband needs to resolve it first only by consulting her wife. In case matter could not solved by both of them then they need to bring any other family member for consultation. Secrecy is also immensely important for the matrimonial relation of couple. It is duty of husband to keep all secrets of bed relation with her wife. Holy prophet (S A W) said, â€Å"The person who shared his wife bed relations with anybody, he is the worst man and he cannot get even the smell of paradise. Similarly, when conflict between husband and wife became bone of contentions and seems unsolvable. In this case if wife no more wants to live with her husband then she has right to get diverse. In case husband is not willing to give diverse she can consult court for getting diverse. Further, in case of polygamy Islam teaches full justice, equal and fair treatment to all waives. Practically this is very hard for a men to keep completely fair balance between all wives therefore it is highly recommended if he is not strong enough financially, physically and morally then he should not gets married even with a single woman.If anyone has more than on wife and he could not maintained just and fair treatment among all wives then he is severely treated by almighty Allah at the Day of Judgment. Adding to it, growing age of fashion makes many minds ultra modern. Now husband wants to look his wife as a model and he forced her to wear dresses according to fashion. In this case Muslim women has right to wear all these dresses which are according to Islamic dress code while going out of house. If her husband forced her to do so she can refuse to her husband to wear any vulgar dress which is against the teachings of Islam.Allah almighty knows all strength and weaknesses of his creatures. He made women physically very sensitive and weak than man. Therefore he shifted all the financial burd en of women on men’s shoulder. When she is daughter she is duty of her father. If father died she becomes duty of her brother. When she is wife she is duty of her husband and when she is mother she is duty of her son. In this way she can live her life very comfortably and can take care of house easily. God assigned all the financial requirements of women as a duty of men but even then he does not make women empty hand in economical rights.Before Islam there was no concept of inheritance for women. Islam gave right to women in the inheritance. Women have half of the part as men have in parent’s properties. This does not mean she has half right than man. But as it is mentioned above she does not have any financial responsibility to fulfill as the men have. Therefore she can save or invest her part of the property for her future and making profit. It is also very clear in Islam that her husband can demand a single penny from her wife and she not bound to give anything to anybody. In addition to she can buy property on her own name as a legal person.She can possess property without anybody’s interference. She has complete right on her property as she can sale it, rent out it and can give it to anyone as a gift. Furthermore, wife has right to get dowry from her husband before establishing matrimonial relations. Husband is bound to give her wife dowry at the time of marriage. When Allah almighty created Eve (R. A) for Adam (R. A) . Adam (R. A) was attracted towards Eve (R. A) and wanted to touch her. At that time Allah almighty said to Adam (R. A) that He should not touch her without paying her dowry. One more thing needs attention here that Islam did not fix any maximum limit of dowry.Husband can give whatever maximum he can give to his wife. In region of Hazrat Ummer(R. A) he forward a bill in the parliament for fixing the maximum limit of dowry. That bill was challenged by a female parliamentarian and she said nobody can fix the maximum limit of dowry if Allah himself did fix it. Hazrat ummer(R. A) asked her that why it couldn’t be fixed. She quoted the holy Quran â€Å"If husband gave her wife bundles and bundles of wealth as dowry even then he cannot demand anything after diverse. † Hazrat ummer (R. A) said that she is right and today men made a mistake and women corrected him.Subsequently, maintenance is also on the shoulder of men at her stages of life. Father, brother, husband and son has to give her food clothes and other needs of life respectively. Holy prophet (S A W) said, â€Å"Anyone who brought her daughters with full care and then merry them. He is as close to me as my two fingers. † Maintenance of x-wife is also husband responsibility during the period of Iddah. Some of Islamic scholars agreed that husband has to fulfill his x-wife’s maintenance until her second marriage. In case if any childe from her x-husband then it is also responsibility of child’s father.Moreover, s he has right to seek employment. If she wants to do a job and if society needs her then Islam give her full right to seek employment. But if she doesn’t want to do the job then nobody can force her to seek employment. Similarly she has the right to do business and to trade things in order to earn finance. Hazrat Khadija(R. A), Wife of Holy prophet (S A W) said, was the famous business lady at that time. Apart from social and economic securities in Islam, women have also legal and political securities. In the eyes of law she is as legal person as a man. she can be witness but her witness is half of man.It is not because she has half right as an human but due to her sensitive and shy nature. In fact God made her half responsible than man in all legal witnesses. Similarly she has right to vote from first election of Islam. After the election result of hazrat usman(R. A). Hazrat usman(R. A) and hazrat Ali (R. A) got equal votes. Therefore Hazrat abur Rahman bin Auf was appointed as a chief polling agent and assigned the task to get votes of men and women. He did this work three days and ultimately hazrat usman (R. A) elected. Above event proved that women were having the right to vote from the beginning of Islam.Adding to it, women used to work at different legal positions from the start of Islam. During the period of Holy prophet (S A W) women worked in different sectors such as in wars and in hospital. Hazrat Ummer (R. A) appointed hazrat Shifa(R. A)as an administrator and account officer for the market. Hazrat Usman(R. A) made hazrat umm-e-kulsoom an ambassador and sent her to Room. Women has right to be consulted as other family members have right to be consulted. Many people believe that it is folly to act or listen women advise in fact they themselves are disbelievers and unaware to the sunna of Holy prophet (S A W).At the event of Hudabiya Holy prophet (S A W) have consulted hazrat umm-e-Salma and acted on her advice to move on. By summing up the who le discussing it can be said that Islam is the first sun that embrace women with light of all social, economical, legal and political rights before 15 centuries. It is very unjust if anybody is blaming Islam for the present state of suppresses women. In fact it is not Islam to be blamed it is because of forgetting the teachings of Islam. In khutaba hijtul Weda, the Holy prophet (S A W) said, â€Å"O, people fear from Allah in the matter of women, treats them carefully and fairly as Islam teaches you. †

Essay about Non-Profit Capitalism - 9831 Words

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